src/node_buffer.cc

// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors.
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
// following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN
// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

#include "node_buffer.h"
#include "node.h"
#include "node_blob.h"
#include "node_debug.h"
#include "node_errors.h"
#include "node_external_reference.h"
#include "node_i18n.h"
#include "node_internals.h"

#include "env-inl.h"
#include "simdutf.h"
#include "string_bytes.h"

#include "util-inl.h"
#include "v8-fast-api-calls.h"
#include "v8.h"

#include <stdint.h>
#include <climits>
#include <cstring>
#include "nbytes.h"

#define THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, obj)                            \
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_NOT_BUFFER(env, obj, "argument")

#define THROW_AND_RETURN_VAL_UNLESS_BUFFER(isolate, val, prefix, retval)       \
  do {                                                                         \
    if (!Buffer::HasInstance(val)) {                                           \
      node::THROW_ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE(isolate, prefix " must be a buffer");   \
      return retval;                                                           \
    }                                                                          \
  } while (0)

#define THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(r)                                          \
  do {                                                                      \
    Maybe<bool> m = (r);                                                    \
    if (m.IsNothing()) return;                                              \
    if (!m.FromJust())                                                      \
      return node::THROW_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(env, "Index out of range");       \
  } while (0)                                                               \

namespace node {
namespace Buffer {

using v8::ArrayBuffer;
using v8::ArrayBufferView;
using v8::BackingStore;
using v8::BackingStoreInitializationMode;
using v8::BackingStoreOnFailureMode;
using v8::CFunction;
using v8::Context;
using v8::EscapableHandleScope;
using v8::FastApiCallbackOptions;
using v8::FastOneByteString;
using v8::FunctionCallbackInfo;
using v8::Global;
using v8::HandleScope;
using v8::Int32;
using v8::Integer;
using v8::Isolate;
using v8::Just;
using v8::Local;
using v8::Maybe;
using v8::MaybeLocal;
using v8::Nothing;
using v8::Number;
using v8::Object;
using v8::SharedArrayBuffer;
using v8::String;
using v8::Uint32;
using v8::Uint8Array;
using v8::Value;

namespace {

class CallbackInfo : public Cleanable {
 public:
  static inline Local<ArrayBuffer> CreateTrackedArrayBuffer(
      Environment* env,
      char* data,
      size_t length,
      FreeCallback callback,
      void* hint);

  CallbackInfo(const CallbackInfo&) = delete;
  CallbackInfo& operator=(const CallbackInfo&) = delete;

 private:
  void Clean() override;
  inline void OnBackingStoreFree();
  inline void CallAndResetCallback();
  inline CallbackInfo(Environment* env,
                      FreeCallback callback,
                      char* data,
                      void* hint);
  Global<ArrayBuffer> persistent_;
  Mutex mutex_;  // Protects callback_.
  FreeCallback callback_;
  char* const data_;
  void* const hint_;
  Environment* const env_;
};

Local<ArrayBuffer> CallbackInfo::CreateTrackedArrayBuffer(
    Environment* env,
    char* data,
    size_t length,
    FreeCallback callback,
    void* hint) {
  CHECK_NOT_NULL(callback);
  CHECK_IMPLIES(data == nullptr, length == 0);

  CallbackInfo* self = new CallbackInfo(env, callback, data, hint);
  std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> bs =
      ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(data, length, [](void*, size_t, void* arg) {
        static_cast<CallbackInfo*>(arg)->OnBackingStoreFree();
      }, self);
  Local<ArrayBuffer> ab = ArrayBuffer::New(env->isolate(), std::move(bs));

  // V8 simply ignores the BackingStore deleter callback if data == nullptr,
  // but our API contract requires it being called.
  if (data == nullptr) {
    ab->Detach(Local<Value>()).Check();
    self->OnBackingStoreFree();  // This calls `callback` asynchronously.
  } else {
    // Store the ArrayBuffer so that we can detach it later.
    self->persistent_.Reset(env->isolate(), ab);
    self->persistent_.SetWeak();
  }

  return ab;
}


CallbackInfo::CallbackInfo(Environment* env,
                           FreeCallback callback,
                           char* data,
                           void* hint)
    : callback_(callback),
      data_(data),
      hint_(hint),
      env_(env) {
  env->cleanable_queue()->PushFront(this);
  env->external_memory_accounter()->Increase(env->isolate(), sizeof(*this));
}

void CallbackInfo::Clean() {
  {
    HandleScope handle_scope(env_->isolate());
    Local<ArrayBuffer> ab = persistent_.Get(env_->isolate());
    if (!ab.IsEmpty() && ab->IsDetachable()) {
      ab->Detach(Local<Value>()).Check();
      persistent_.Reset();
    }
  }

  // Call the callback in this case, but don't delete `this` yet because the
  // BackingStore deleter callback will do so later.
  CallAndResetCallback();
}

void CallbackInfo::CallAndResetCallback() {
  FreeCallback callback;
  {
    Mutex::ScopedLock lock(mutex_);
    callback = callback_;
    callback_ = nullptr;
  }
  if (callback != nullptr) {
    // Clean up all Environment-related state and run the callback.
    cleanable_queue_.Remove();
    env_->external_memory_accounter()->Decrease(env_->isolate(), sizeof(*this));

    callback(data_, hint_);
  }
}

void CallbackInfo::OnBackingStoreFree() {
  // This method should always release the memory for `this`.
  std::unique_ptr<CallbackInfo> self { this };
  Mutex::ScopedLock lock(mutex_);
  // If callback_ == nullptr, that means that the callback has already run from
  // the cleanup hook, and there is nothing left to do here besides to clean
  // up the memory involved. In particular, the underlying `Environment` may
  // be gone at this point, so don’t attempt to call SetImmediateThreadsafe().
  if (callback_ == nullptr) return;

  env_->SetImmediateThreadsafe([self = std::move(self)](Environment* env) {
    CHECK_EQ(self->env_, env);  // Consistency check.

    self->CallAndResetCallback();
  });
}


// Parse index for external array data. An empty Maybe indicates
// a pending exception. `false` indicates that the index is out-of-bounds.
inline MUST_USE_RESULT Maybe<bool> ParseArrayIndex(Environment* env,
                                                   Local<Value> arg,
                                                   size_t def,
                                                   size_t* ret) {
  if (arg->IsUndefined()) {
    *ret = def;
    return Just(true);
  }

  int64_t tmp_i;
  if (!arg->IntegerValue(env->context()).To(&tmp_i))
    return Nothing<bool>();

  if (tmp_i < 0)
    return Just(false);

  // Check that the result fits in a size_t.
  // coverity[pointless_expression]
  if (static_cast<uint64_t>(tmp_i) > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
    return Just(false);

  *ret = static_cast<size_t>(tmp_i);
  return Just(true);
}

}  // anonymous namespace

// Buffer methods

bool HasInstance(Local<Value> val) {
  return val->IsArrayBufferView();
}


bool HasInstance(Local<Object> obj) {
  return obj->IsArrayBufferView();
}


char* Data(Local<Value> val) {
  CHECK(val->IsArrayBufferView());
  Local<ArrayBufferView> ui = val.As<ArrayBufferView>();
  return static_cast<char*>(ui->Buffer()->Data()) + ui->ByteOffset();
}


char* Data(Local<Object> obj) {
  return Data(obj.As<Value>());
}


size_t Length(Local<Value> val) {
  CHECK(val->IsArrayBufferView());
  Local<ArrayBufferView> ui = val.As<ArrayBufferView>();
  return ui->ByteLength();
}


size_t Length(Local<Object> obj) {
  CHECK(obj->IsArrayBufferView());
  Local<ArrayBufferView> ui = obj.As<ArrayBufferView>();
  return ui->ByteLength();
}


MaybeLocal<Uint8Array> New(Environment* env,
                           Local<ArrayBuffer> ab,
                           size_t byte_offset,
                           size_t length) {
  CHECK(!env->buffer_prototype_object().IsEmpty());
  Local<Uint8Array> ui = Uint8Array::New(ab, byte_offset, length);
  if (ui->SetPrototype(env->context(), env->buffer_prototype_object())
          .IsNothing()) {
    return MaybeLocal<Uint8Array>();
  }
  return ui;
}

MaybeLocal<Uint8Array> New(Isolate* isolate,
                           Local<ArrayBuffer> ab,
                           size_t byte_offset,
                           size_t length) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(isolate);
  if (env == nullptr) {
    THROW_ERR_BUFFER_CONTEXT_NOT_AVAILABLE(isolate);
    return MaybeLocal<Uint8Array>();
  }
  return New(env, ab, byte_offset, length);
}


MaybeLocal<Object> New(Isolate* isolate,
                       Local<String> string,
                       enum encoding enc) {
  EscapableHandleScope scope(isolate);

  size_t length;
  if (!StringBytes::Size(isolate, string, enc).To(&length)) return {};
  size_t actual = 0;
  std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> store;

  if (length > 0) {
    store = ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(
        isolate,
        length,
        BackingStoreInitializationMode::kZeroInitialized,
        BackingStoreOnFailureMode::kReturnNull);

    if (!store) [[unlikely]] {
      THROW_ERR_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED(isolate);
      return {};
    }

    actual = StringBytes::Write(
        isolate,
        static_cast<char*>(store->Data()),
        length,
        string,
        enc);
    CHECK(actual <= length);

    if (actual > 0) [[likely]] {
      if (actual < length) {
        std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> old_store = std::move(store);
        store = ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(
            isolate,
            actual,
            BackingStoreInitializationMode::kUninitialized,
            BackingStoreOnFailureMode::kReturnNull);
        if (!store) [[unlikely]] {
          THROW_ERR_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED(isolate);
          return {};
        }
        memcpy(store->Data(), old_store->Data(), actual);
      }
      Local<ArrayBuffer> buf = ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, std::move(store));
      Local<Object> obj;
      if (!New(isolate, buf, 0, actual).ToLocal(&obj)) [[unlikely]] {
        return {};
      }
      return scope.Escape(obj);
    }
  }

  return scope.EscapeMaybe(New(isolate, 0));
}


MaybeLocal<Object> New(Isolate* isolate, size_t length) {
  EscapableHandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  Local<Object> obj;
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(isolate);
  if (env == nullptr) {
    THROW_ERR_BUFFER_CONTEXT_NOT_AVAILABLE(isolate);
    return MaybeLocal<Object>();
  }
  if (Buffer::New(env, length).ToLocal(&obj))
    return handle_scope.Escape(obj);
  return Local<Object>();
}


MaybeLocal<Object> New(Environment* env, size_t length) {
  Isolate* isolate(env->isolate());
  EscapableHandleScope scope(isolate);

  // V8 currently only allows a maximum Typed Array index of max Smi.
  if (length > kMaxLength) {
    isolate->ThrowException(ERR_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE(isolate));
    return Local<Object>();
  }

  Local<ArrayBuffer> ab;
  {
    std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> bs = ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(
        isolate,
        length,
        BackingStoreInitializationMode::kUninitialized,
        BackingStoreOnFailureMode::kReturnNull);
    if (!bs) [[unlikely]] {
      THROW_ERR_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED(isolate);
      return {};
    }

    CHECK(bs);

    ab = ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, std::move(bs));
  }

  MaybeLocal<Object> obj =
      New(env, ab, 0, ab->ByteLength())
          .FromMaybe(Local<Uint8Array>());

  return scope.EscapeMaybe(obj);
}


MaybeLocal<Object> Copy(Isolate* isolate, const char* data, size_t length) {
  EscapableHandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(isolate);
  if (env == nullptr) {
    THROW_ERR_BUFFER_CONTEXT_NOT_AVAILABLE(isolate);
    return MaybeLocal<Object>();
  }
  Local<Object> obj;
  if (Buffer::Copy(env, data, length).ToLocal(&obj))
    return handle_scope.Escape(obj);
  return Local<Object>();
}


MaybeLocal<Object> Copy(Environment* env, const char* data, size_t length) {
  Isolate* isolate(env->isolate());
  EscapableHandleScope scope(isolate);

  // V8 currently only allows a maximum Typed Array index of max Smi.
  if (length > kMaxLength) {
    isolate->ThrowException(ERR_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE(isolate));
    return Local<Object>();
  }

  std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> bs = ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(
      isolate,
      length,
      BackingStoreInitializationMode::kUninitialized,
      BackingStoreOnFailureMode::kReturnNull);
  if (!bs) [[unlikely]] {
    THROW_ERR_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED(isolate);
    return {};
  }

  if (length > 0) memcpy(bs->Data(), data, length);

  Local<ArrayBuffer> ab = ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, std::move(bs));

  MaybeLocal<Object> obj =
      New(env, ab, 0, ab->ByteLength())
          .FromMaybe(Local<Uint8Array>());

  return scope.EscapeMaybe(obj);
}


MaybeLocal<Object> New(Isolate* isolate,
                       char* data,
                       size_t length,
                       FreeCallback callback,
                       void* hint) {
  EscapableHandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(isolate);
  if (env == nullptr) {
    callback(data, hint);
    THROW_ERR_BUFFER_CONTEXT_NOT_AVAILABLE(isolate);
    return MaybeLocal<Object>();
  }
  return handle_scope.EscapeMaybe(
      Buffer::New(env, data, length, callback, hint));
}


MaybeLocal<Object> New(Environment* env,
                       char* data,
                       size_t length,
                       FreeCallback callback,
                       void* hint) {
  EscapableHandleScope scope(env->isolate());

  if (length > kMaxLength) {
    env->isolate()->ThrowException(ERR_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE(env->isolate()));
    callback(data, hint);
    return Local<Object>();
  }

  Local<ArrayBuffer> ab =
      CallbackInfo::CreateTrackedArrayBuffer(env, data, length, callback, hint);
  if (ab->SetPrivate(env->context(),
                     env->untransferable_object_private_symbol(),
                     True(env->isolate())).IsNothing()) {
    return Local<Object>();
  }
  MaybeLocal<Uint8Array> maybe_ui = Buffer::New(env, ab, 0, length);

  Local<Uint8Array> ui;
  if (!maybe_ui.ToLocal(&ui))
    return MaybeLocal<Object>();

  return scope.Escape(ui);
}

// Warning: This function needs `data` to be allocated with malloc() and not
// necessarily isolate's ArrayBuffer::Allocator.
MaybeLocal<Object> New(Isolate* isolate, char* data, size_t length) {
  EscapableHandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(isolate);
  if (env == nullptr) {
    free(data);
    THROW_ERR_BUFFER_CONTEXT_NOT_AVAILABLE(isolate);
    return MaybeLocal<Object>();
  }
  Local<Object> obj;
  if (Buffer::New(env, data, length).ToLocal(&obj))
    return handle_scope.Escape(obj);
  return Local<Object>();
}

// The contract for this function is that `data` is allocated with malloc()
// and not necessarily isolate's ArrayBuffer::Allocator.
MaybeLocal<Object> New(Environment* env,
                       char* data,
                       size_t length) {
  if (length > 0) {
    CHECK_NOT_NULL(data);
    // V8 currently only allows a maximum Typed Array index of max Smi.
    if (length > kMaxLength) {
      Isolate* isolate(env->isolate());
      isolate->ThrowException(ERR_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE(isolate));
      free(data);
      return Local<Object>();
    }
  }

#if defined(V8_ENABLE_SANDBOX)
  // When v8 sandbox is enabled, external backing stores are not supported
  // since all arraybuffer allocations are expected to be done by the isolate.
  // Since this violates the contract of this function, let's free the data and
  // throw an error.
  free(data);
  THROW_ERR_OPERATION_FAILED(
      env->isolate(),
      "Wrapping external data is not supported when the v8 sandbox is enabled");
  return MaybeLocal<Object>();
#else
  EscapableHandleScope handle_scope(env->isolate());

  auto free_callback = [](void* data, size_t length, void* deleter_data) {
    free(data);
  };
  std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> bs =
      ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(data, length, free_callback, nullptr);

  Local<ArrayBuffer> ab = ArrayBuffer::New(env->isolate(), std::move(bs));

  Local<Object> obj;
  if (Buffer::New(env, ab, 0, length).ToLocal(&obj))
    return handle_scope.Escape(obj);
  return Local<Object>();
#endif
}

namespace {

template <encoding encoding>
void StringSlice(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> buffer(args[0]);

  if (buffer.length() == 0)
    return args.GetReturnValue().SetEmptyString();

  size_t start = 0;
  size_t end = 0;
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[1], 0, &start));
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[2], buffer.length(), &end));
  if (end < start) end = start;
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(Just(end <= buffer.length()));
  size_t length = end - start;

  Local<Value> ret;
  if (StringBytes::Encode(isolate, buffer.data() + start, length, encoding)
          .ToLocal(&ret)) {
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(ret);
  }
}

void CopyImpl(Local<Value> source_obj,
              Local<Value> target_obj,
              const uint32_t target_start,
              const uint32_t source_start,
              const uint32_t to_copy) {
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> source(source_obj);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(target_obj, target);

  memmove(target_data + target_start, source.data() + source_start, to_copy);
}

// Assume caller has properly validated args.
void SlowCopy(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Local<Value> source_obj = args[0];
  Local<Value> target_obj = args[1];
  const uint32_t target_start = args[2].As<Uint32>()->Value();
  const uint32_t source_start = args[3].As<Uint32>()->Value();
  const uint32_t to_copy = args[4].As<Uint32>()->Value();

  CopyImpl(source_obj, target_obj, target_start, source_start, to_copy);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(to_copy);
}

// Assume caller has properly validated args.
uint32_t FastCopy(Local<Value> receiver,
                  Local<Value> source_obj,
                  Local<Value> target_obj,
                  uint32_t target_start,
                  uint32_t source_start,
                  uint32_t to_copy,
                  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                  FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  HandleScope scope(options.isolate);

  CopyImpl(source_obj, target_obj, target_start, source_start, to_copy);

  return to_copy;
}

static CFunction fast_copy(CFunction::Make(FastCopy));

void Fill(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Local<Context> ctx = env->context();

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[0], ts_obj);

  size_t start = 0;
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[2], 0, &start));
  size_t end;
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[3], 0, &end));

  size_t fill_length = end - start;
  Local<String> str_obj;
  size_t str_length;
  enum encoding enc;

  // OOB Check. Throw the error in JS.
  if (start > end || fill_length + start > ts_obj_length)
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-2);

  // First check if Buffer has been passed.
  if (Buffer::HasInstance(args[1])) {
    SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[1], fill_obj);
    str_length = fill_obj_length;
    memcpy(
        ts_obj_data + start, fill_obj_data, std::min(str_length, fill_length));
    goto start_fill;
  }

  // Then coerce everything that's not a string.
  if (!args[1]->IsString()) {
    uint32_t val;
    if (!args[1]->Uint32Value(ctx).To(&val)) return;
    int value = val & 255;
    memset(ts_obj_data + start, value, fill_length);
    return;
  }

  if (!args[1]->ToString(env->context()).ToLocal(&str_obj)) {
    return;
  }
  enc = ParseEncoding(env->isolate(), args[4], UTF8);

  // Can't use StringBytes::Write() in all cases. For example if attempting
  // to write a two byte character into a one byte Buffer.
  if (enc == UTF8) {
    str_length = str_obj->Utf8LengthV2(env->isolate());
    node::Utf8Value str(env->isolate(), args[1]);
    memcpy(ts_obj_data + start, *str, std::min(str_length, fill_length));

  } else if (enc == UCS2) {
    str_length = str_obj->Length() * sizeof(uint16_t);
    node::TwoByteValue str(env->isolate(), args[1]);
    if constexpr (IsBigEndian())
      CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes16(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&str[0]), str_length));

    memcpy(ts_obj_data + start, *str, std::min(str_length, fill_length));

  } else {
    // Write initial String to Buffer, then use that memory to copy remainder
    // of string. Correct the string length for cases like HEX where less than
    // the total string length is written.
    str_length = StringBytes::Write(
        env->isolate(), ts_obj_data + start, fill_length, str_obj, enc);
  }

start_fill:

  if (str_length >= fill_length)
    return;

  // If str_length is zero, then either an empty buffer was provided, or Write()
  // indicated that no bytes could be written. If no bytes could be written,
  // then return -1 because the fill value is invalid. This will trigger a throw
  // in JavaScript. Silently failing should be avoided because it can lead to
  // buffers with unexpected contents.
  if (str_length == 0)
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);

  size_t in_there = str_length;
  char* ptr = ts_obj_data + start + str_length;

  while (in_there < fill_length - in_there) {
    memcpy(ptr, ts_obj_data + start, in_there);
    ptr += in_there;
    in_there *= 2;
  }

  if (in_there < fill_length) {
    memcpy(ptr, ts_obj_data + start, fill_length - in_there);
  }
}


template <encoding encoding>
void StringWrite(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[0], ts_obj);

  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_NOT_STRING(env, args[1], "argument");

  Local<String> str;
  if (!args[1]->ToString(env->context()).ToLocal(&str)) {
    return;
  }

  size_t offset = 0;
  size_t max_length = 0;

  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[2], 0, &offset));
  if (offset > ts_obj_length) {
    return node::THROW_ERR_BUFFER_OUT_OF_BOUNDS(
        env, "\"offset\" is outside of buffer bounds");
  }

  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(
      ParseArrayIndex(env, args[3], ts_obj_length - offset, &max_length));

  max_length = std::min(ts_obj_length - offset, max_length);

  if (max_length == 0)
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(0);

  uint32_t written = StringBytes::Write(
      env->isolate(), ts_obj_data + offset, max_length, str, encoding);
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(written);
}

void SlowByteLengthUtf8(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  CHECK(args[0]->IsString());

  // Fast case: avoid StringBytes on UTF8 string. Jump to v8.
  size_t result = args[0].As<String>()->Utf8LengthV2(args.GetIsolate());
  args.GetReturnValue().Set(static_cast<uint64_t>(result));
}

uint32_t FastByteLengthUtf8(
    Local<Value> receiver,
    Local<Value> sourceValue,
    FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
  TRACK_V8_FAST_API_CALL("Buffer::FastByteLengthUtf8");
  auto isolate = options.isolate;
  HandleScope handleScope(isolate);
  CHECK(sourceValue->IsString());
  Local<String> sourceStr = sourceValue.As<String>();

  if (!sourceStr->IsExternalOneByte()) {
    return sourceStr->Utf8LengthV2(isolate);
  }
  auto source = sourceStr->GetExternalOneByteStringResource();
  // For short inputs, the function call overhead to simdutf is maybe
  // not worth it, reserve simdutf for long strings.
  if (source->length() > 128) {
    return simdutf::utf8_length_from_latin1(source->data(), source->length());
  }

  uint32_t length = source->length();
  const auto input = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(source->data());

  uint32_t answer = length;
  uint32_t i = 0;

  auto pop = [](uint64_t v) {
    return static_cast<size_t>(((v >> 7) & UINT64_C(0x0101010101010101)) *
                                   UINT64_C(0x0101010101010101) >>
                               56);
  };

  for (; i + 32 <= length; i += 32) {
    uint64_t v;
    memcpy(&v, input + i, 8);
    answer += pop(v);
    memcpy(&v, input + i + 8, 8);
    answer += pop(v);
    memcpy(&v, input + i + 16, 8);
    answer += pop(v);
    memcpy(&v, input + i + 24, 8);
    answer += pop(v);
  }
  for (; i + 8 <= length; i += 8) {
    uint64_t v;
    memcpy(&v, input + i, 8);
    answer += pop(v);
  }
  for (; i + 1 <= length; i += 1) {
    answer += input[i] >> 7;
  }

  return answer;
}

static CFunction fast_byte_length_utf8(CFunction::Make(FastByteLengthUtf8));

// Normalize val to be an integer in the range of [1, -1] since
// implementations of memcmp() can vary by platform.
static int normalizeCompareVal(int val, size_t a_length, size_t b_length) {
  if (val == 0) {
    if (a_length > b_length)
      return 1;
    else if (a_length < b_length)
      return -1;
  } else {
    if (val > 0)
      return 1;
    else
      return -1;
  }
  return val;
}

void CompareOffset(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value> &args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[1]);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> source(args[0]);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> target(args[1]);

  size_t target_start = 0;
  size_t source_start = 0;
  size_t source_end = 0;
  size_t target_end = 0;

  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[2], 0, &target_start));
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[3], 0, &source_start));
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[4], target.length(),
                                          &target_end));
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[5], source.length(),
                                          &source_end));

  if (source_start > source.length())
    return THROW_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(
        env, "The value of \"sourceStart\" is out of range.");
  if (target_start > target.length())
    return THROW_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(
        env, "The value of \"targetStart\" is out of range.");

  CHECK_LE(source_start, source_end);
  CHECK_LE(target_start, target_end);

  size_t to_cmp =
      std::min(std::min(source_end - source_start, target_end - target_start),
               source.length() - source_start);

  int val = normalizeCompareVal(to_cmp > 0 ?
                                  memcmp(source.data() + source_start,
                                         target.data() + target_start,
                                         to_cmp) : 0,
                                source_end - source_start,
                                target_end - target_start);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(val);
}

int32_t CompareImpl(Local<Value> a_obj, Local<Value> b_obj) {
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> a(a_obj);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> b(b_obj);

  size_t cmp_length = std::min(a.length(), b.length());

  return normalizeCompareVal(
      cmp_length > 0 ? memcmp(a.data(), b.data(), cmp_length) : 0,
      a.length(),
      b.length());
}

void Compare(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value> &args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[1]);

  int val = CompareImpl(args[0], args[1]);

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(val);
}

int32_t FastCompare(Local<Value>,
                    Local<Value> a_obj,
                    Local<Value> b_obj,
                    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                    FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  HandleScope scope(options.isolate);

  return CompareImpl(a_obj, b_obj);
}

static CFunction fast_compare(CFunction::Make(FastCompare));

// Computes the offset for starting an indexOf or lastIndexOf search.
// Returns either a valid offset in [0...<length - 1>], ie inside the Buffer,
// or -1 to signal that there is no possible match.
int64_t IndexOfOffset(size_t length,
                      int64_t offset_i64,
                      int64_t needle_length,
                      bool is_forward) {
  int64_t length_i64 = static_cast<int64_t>(length);
  if (offset_i64 < 0) {
    if (offset_i64 + length_i64 >= 0) {
      // Negative offsets count backwards from the end of the buffer.
      return length_i64 + offset_i64;
    } else if (is_forward || needle_length == 0) {
      // indexOf from before the start of the buffer: search the whole buffer.
      return 0;
    } else {
      // lastIndexOf from before the start of the buffer: no match.
      return -1;
    }
  } else {
    if (offset_i64 + needle_length <= length_i64) {
      // Valid positive offset.
      return offset_i64;
    } else if (needle_length == 0) {
      // Out of buffer bounds, but empty needle: point to end of buffer.
      return length_i64;
    } else if (is_forward) {
      // indexOf from past the end of the buffer: no match.
      return -1;
    } else {
      // lastIndexOf from past the end of the buffer: search the whole buffer.
      return length_i64 - 1;
    }
  }
}

void IndexOfString(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();

  CHECK(args[1]->IsString());
  CHECK(args[2]->IsNumber());
  CHECK(args[3]->IsInt32());
  CHECK(args[4]->IsBoolean());
  CHECK(args[5]->IsNumber());

  enum encoding enc = static_cast<enum encoding>(args[3].As<Int32>()->Value());

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> buffer(args[0]);

  Local<String> needle = args[1].As<String>();
  int64_t offset_i64 = args[2].As<Integer>()->Value();
  bool is_forward = args[4]->IsTrue();
  int64_t end_i64 = args[5].As<Integer>()->Value();

  const char* haystack = buffer.data();
  // Round down to the nearest multiple of 2 in case of UCS2.
  const size_t haystack_length = (enc == UCS2) ?
      buffer.length() &~ 1 : buffer.length();  // NOLINT(whitespace/operators)

  size_t needle_length;
  if (!StringBytes::Size(isolate, needle, enc).To(&needle_length)) return;

  // search_end is the exclusive upper bound of the search range.
  size_t search_end = static_cast<size_t>(
      std::min(end_i64, static_cast<int64_t>(haystack_length)));
  if (enc == UCS2) search_end &= ~static_cast<size_t>(1);

  int64_t opt_offset = IndexOfOffset(haystack_length,
                                     offset_i64,
                                     needle_length,
                                     is_forward);

  if (needle_length == 0) {
    // Match String#indexOf() and String#lastIndexOf() behavior.
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(static_cast<double>(opt_offset));
    return;
  }

  if (haystack_length == 0) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }

  if (opt_offset <= -1) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }
  size_t offset = static_cast<size_t>(opt_offset);
  // For backward search, clamp start to within the search range.
  if (!is_forward && offset >= search_end) {
    if (search_end == 0) return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
    offset = search_end - 1;
  } else if (is_forward && offset >= search_end) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }
  CHECK_LT(offset, haystack_length);
  if ((is_forward && needle_length + offset > search_end) ||
      needle_length > search_end) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }

  size_t result = search_end;

  if (enc == UCS2) {
    TwoByteValue needle_value(isolate, needle);
    if (search_end < 2 || needle_value.length() < 1) {
      return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
    }

    if constexpr (IsBigEndian()) {
      StringBytes::InlineDecoder decoder;
      if (decoder.Decode(env, needle, enc).IsNothing()) return;
      const uint16_t* decoded_string =
          reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(decoder.out());

      if (decoded_string == nullptr)
        return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);

      result = nbytes::SearchString(reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(haystack),
                                    search_end / 2,
                                    decoded_string,
                                    decoder.size() / 2,
                                    offset / 2,
                                    is_forward);
    } else {
      result = nbytes::SearchString(reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(haystack),
                                    search_end / 2,
                                    needle_value.out(),
                                    needle_value.length(),
                                    offset / 2,
                                    is_forward);
    }
    result *= 2;
  } else if (enc == UTF8) {
    Utf8Value needle_value(isolate, needle);
    if (*needle_value == nullptr)
      return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
    CHECK_GE(needle_length, needle_value.length());

    result = nbytes::SearchString(
        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(haystack),
        search_end,
        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(needle_value.out()),
        needle_length,
        offset,
        is_forward);
  } else if (enc == ASCII || enc == LATIN1) {
    MaybeStackBuffer<uint8_t> needle_data(needle_length);
    StringBytes::Write(isolate,
                       reinterpret_cast<char*>(needle_data.out()),
                       needle_length,
                       needle,
                       enc);

    result = nbytes::SearchString(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(haystack),
                                  search_end,
                                  needle_data.out(),
                                  needle_length,
                                  offset,
                                  is_forward);
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(result >= search_end ? -1
                                                 : static_cast<int>(result));
}

void IndexOfBuffer(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  CHECK(args[1]->IsObject());
  CHECK(args[2]->IsNumber());
  CHECK(args[3]->IsInt32());
  CHECK(args[4]->IsBoolean());
  CHECK(args[5]->IsNumber());

  enum encoding enc = static_cast<enum encoding>(args[3].As<Int32>()->Value());

  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[1]);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> haystack_contents(args[0]);
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> needle_contents(args[1]);
  int64_t offset_i64 = args[2].As<Integer>()->Value();
  bool is_forward = args[4]->IsTrue();
  int64_t end_i64 = args[5].As<Integer>()->Value();

  const char* haystack = haystack_contents.data();
  const size_t haystack_length = haystack_contents.length();
  const char* needle = needle_contents.data();
  const size_t needle_length = needle_contents.length();

  // search_end is the exclusive upper bound of the search range.
  size_t search_end = static_cast<size_t>(
      std::min(end_i64, static_cast<int64_t>(haystack_length)));
  if (enc == UCS2) search_end &= ~static_cast<size_t>(1);

  int64_t opt_offset = IndexOfOffset(haystack_length,
                                     offset_i64,
                                     needle_length,
                                     is_forward);

  if (needle_length == 0) {
    // Match String#indexOf() and String#lastIndexOf() behavior.
    args.GetReturnValue().Set(static_cast<double>(opt_offset));
    return;
  }

  if (haystack_length == 0) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }

  if (opt_offset <= -1) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }
  size_t offset = static_cast<size_t>(opt_offset);
  // For backward search, clamp start to within the search range.
  if (!is_forward && offset >= search_end) {
    if (search_end == 0) return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
    offset = search_end - 1;
  } else if (is_forward && offset >= search_end) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }
  CHECK_LT(offset, haystack_length);
  if ((is_forward && needle_length + offset > search_end) ||
      needle_length > search_end) {
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
  }

  size_t result = search_end;

  if (enc == UCS2) {
    if (search_end < 2 || needle_length < 2) {
      return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
    }
    result = nbytes::SearchString(reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(haystack),
                                  search_end / 2,
                                  reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(needle),
                                  needle_length / 2,
                                  offset / 2,
                                  is_forward);
    result *= 2;
  } else {
    result = nbytes::SearchString(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(haystack),
                                  search_end,
                                  reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(needle),
                                  needle_length,
                                  offset,
                                  is_forward);
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(result >= search_end ? -1
                                                 : static_cast<int>(result));
}

int32_t IndexOfNumberImpl(Local<Value> buffer_obj,
                          const uint32_t needle,
                          const int64_t offset_i64,
                          const int64_t end_i64,
                          const bool is_forward) {
  ArrayBufferViewContents<uint8_t> buffer(buffer_obj);
  const uint8_t* buffer_data = buffer.data();
  const size_t buffer_length = buffer.length();
  int64_t opt_offset = IndexOfOffset(buffer_length, offset_i64, 1, is_forward);
  if (opt_offset <= -1 || buffer_length == 0) {
    return -1;
  }
  size_t offset = static_cast<size_t>(opt_offset);
  // search_end is the exclusive upper bound of the search range.
  size_t search_end = static_cast<size_t>(
      std::min(end_i64, static_cast<int64_t>(buffer_length)));

  const void* ptr;
  if (is_forward) {
    if (offset >= search_end) return -1;
    ptr = memchr(buffer_data + offset, needle, search_end - offset);
  } else {
    size_t backward_end = std::min(offset + 1, search_end);
    if (backward_end == 0) return -1;
    ptr = nbytes::stringsearch::MemrchrFill(buffer_data, needle, backward_end);
  }
  const uint8_t* ptr_uint8 = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(ptr);
  return ptr != nullptr ? static_cast<int32_t>(ptr_uint8 - buffer_data) : -1;
}

void IndexOfNumber(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  CHECK(args[1]->IsUint32());
  CHECK(args[2]->IsNumber());
  CHECK(args[3]->IsBoolean());
  CHECK(args[4]->IsNumber());

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(Environment::GetCurrent(args), args[0]);

  Local<Value> buffer_obj = args[0];
  uint32_t needle = args[1].As<Uint32>()->Value();
  int64_t offset_i64 = args[2].As<Integer>()->Value();
  bool is_forward = args[3]->IsTrue();
  int64_t end_i64 = args[4].As<Integer>()->Value();

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      IndexOfNumberImpl(buffer_obj, needle, offset_i64, end_i64, is_forward));
}

int32_t FastIndexOfNumber(Local<Value>,
                          Local<Value> buffer_obj,
                          uint32_t needle,
                          int64_t offset_i64,
                          int64_t end_i64,
                          bool is_forward,
                          // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                          FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  HandleScope scope(options.isolate);
  return IndexOfNumberImpl(buffer_obj, needle, offset_i64, end_i64, is_forward);
}

static CFunction fast_index_of_number(CFunction::Make(FastIndexOfNumber));

void Swap16(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  DCHECK(args[0]->IsArrayBufferView());
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[0], ts_obj);
  CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes16(ts_obj_data, ts_obj_length));
}

void FastSwap16(Local<Value> receiver,
                Local<Value> buffer_obj,
                // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  TRACK_V8_FAST_API_CALL("buffer.swap16");
  HandleScope scope(options.isolate);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(buffer_obj, ts_obj);
  CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes16(ts_obj_data, ts_obj_length));
}

static CFunction fast_swap16(CFunction::Make(FastSwap16));

void Swap32(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  DCHECK(args[0]->IsArrayBufferView());
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[0], ts_obj);
  CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes32(ts_obj_data, ts_obj_length));
}

void FastSwap32(Local<Value> receiver,
                Local<Value> buffer_obj,
                // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  TRACK_V8_FAST_API_CALL("buffer.swap32");
  HandleScope scope(options.isolate);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(buffer_obj, ts_obj);
  CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes32(ts_obj_data, ts_obj_length));
}

static CFunction fast_swap32(CFunction::Make(FastSwap32));

void Swap64(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  DCHECK(args[0]->IsArrayBufferView());
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[0], ts_obj);
  CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes64(ts_obj_data, ts_obj_length));
}

void FastSwap64(Local<Value> receiver,
                Local<Value> buffer_obj,
                // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  TRACK_V8_FAST_API_CALL("buffer.swap64");
  HandleScope scope(options.isolate);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(buffer_obj, ts_obj);
  CHECK(nbytes::SwapBytes64(ts_obj_data, ts_obj_length));
}

static CFunction fast_swap64(CFunction::Make(FastSwap64));

static void IsUtf8(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  CHECK_EQ(args.Length(), 1);
  CHECK(args[0]->IsTypedArray() || args[0]->IsArrayBuffer() ||
        args[0]->IsSharedArrayBuffer());
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> abv(args[0]);

  if (abv.WasDetached()) {
    return node::THROW_ERR_INVALID_STATE(
        env, "Cannot validate on a detached buffer");
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(simdutf::validate_utf8(abv.data(), abv.length()));
}

static void IsAscii(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  CHECK_EQ(args.Length(), 1);
  CHECK(args[0]->IsTypedArray() || args[0]->IsArrayBuffer() ||
        args[0]->IsSharedArrayBuffer());
  ArrayBufferViewContents<char> abv(args[0]);

  if (abv.WasDetached()) {
    return node::THROW_ERR_INVALID_STATE(
        env, "Cannot validate on a detached buffer");
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(
      !simdutf::validate_ascii_with_errors(abv.data(), abv.length()).error);
}

void SetBufferPrototype(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Realm* realm = Realm::GetCurrent(args);

  // TODO(legendecas): Remove this check once the binding supports sub-realms.
  CHECK_EQ(realm->kind(), Realm::Kind::kPrincipal);

  CHECK(args[0]->IsObject());
  Local<Object> proto = args[0].As<Object>();
  realm->set_buffer_prototype_object(proto);
}

static void Btoa(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  CHECK_EQ(args.Length(), 1);
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_NOT_STRING(env, args[0], "argument");

  Local<String> input = args[0].As<String>();
  MaybeStackBuffer<char> buffer;
  size_t written;

  if (input->IsExternalOneByte()) {  // 8-bit case
    auto ext = input->GetExternalOneByteStringResource();
    size_t expected_length = simdutf::base64_length_from_binary(ext->length());
    buffer.AllocateSufficientStorage(expected_length + 1);
    buffer.SetLengthAndZeroTerminate(expected_length);
    written =
        simdutf::binary_to_base64(ext->data(), ext->length(), buffer.out());
  } else if (input->IsOneByte()) {
    MaybeStackBuffer<uint8_t> stack_buf(input->Length());
    input->WriteOneByteV2(env->isolate(), 0, input->Length(), stack_buf.out());

    size_t expected_length =
        simdutf::base64_length_from_binary(input->Length());
    buffer.AllocateSufficientStorage(expected_length + 1);
    buffer.SetLengthAndZeroTerminate(expected_length);
    written =
        simdutf::binary_to_base64(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(*stack_buf),
                                  input->Length(),
                                  buffer.out());
  } else {
    TwoByteValue value(env->isolate(), input);
    MaybeStackBuffer<char> stack_buf(value.length());
    size_t out_len = simdutf::convert_utf16_to_latin1(
        reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(value.out()),
        value.length(),
        stack_buf.out());
    if (out_len == 0) {  // error
      return args.GetReturnValue().Set(-1);
    }
    size_t expected_length = simdutf::base64_length_from_binary(out_len);
    buffer.AllocateSufficientStorage(expected_length + 1);
    buffer.SetLengthAndZeroTerminate(expected_length);
    written = simdutf::binary_to_base64(*stack_buf, out_len, buffer.out());
  }

  auto value = OneByteString(
      env->isolate(), reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.out()), written);

  return args.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
}

// In case of success, the decoded string is returned.
// In case of error, a negative value is returned:
// * -1 indicates a single character remained,
// * -2 indicates an invalid character,
// * -3 indicates a possible overflow (i.e., more than 2 GB output).
static void Atob(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  CHECK_EQ(args.Length(), 1);
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_NOT_STRING(env, args[0], "argument");

  Local<String> input = args[0].As<String>();
  MaybeStackBuffer<char> buffer;
  simdutf::result result;

  if (input->IsExternalOneByte()) {  // 8-bit case
    auto ext = input->GetExternalOneByteStringResource();
    size_t expected_length =
        simdutf::maximal_binary_length_from_base64(ext->data(), ext->length());
    buffer.AllocateSufficientStorage(expected_length);
    buffer.SetLength(expected_length);
    result = simdutf::base64_to_binary(
        ext->data(), ext->length(), buffer.out(), simdutf::base64_default);
  } else if (input->IsOneByte()) {
    MaybeStackBuffer<uint8_t> stack_buf(input->Length());
    input->WriteOneByteV2(
        args.GetIsolate(), 0, input->Length(), stack_buf.out());
    const char* data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(*stack_buf);
    size_t expected_length =
        simdutf::maximal_binary_length_from_base64(data, input->Length());
    buffer.AllocateSufficientStorage(expected_length);
    buffer.SetLength(expected_length);
    result = simdutf::base64_to_binary(data, input->Length(), buffer.out());
  } else {  // 16-bit case
    TwoByteValue value(env->isolate(), input);
    auto data = reinterpret_cast<const char16_t*>(value.out());
    size_t expected_length =
        simdutf::maximal_binary_length_from_base64(data, value.length());
    buffer.AllocateSufficientStorage(expected_length);
    buffer.SetLength(expected_length);
    result = simdutf::base64_to_binary(data, value.length(), buffer.out());
  }

  if (result.error == simdutf::error_code::SUCCESS) {
    auto value = OneByteString(env->isolate(),
                               reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(buffer.out()),
                               result.count);
    return args.GetReturnValue().Set(value);
  }

  // Default value is: "possible overflow"
  int32_t error_code = -3;

  if (result.error == simdutf::error_code::INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER) {
    error_code = -2;
  } else if (result.error == simdutf::error_code::BASE64_INPUT_REMAINDER) {
    error_code = -1;
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(error_code);
}

static void SetDetachKey(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  CHECK_EQ(args.Length(), 2);
  CHECK(args[0]->IsArrayBuffer());

  Local<ArrayBuffer> ab = args[0].As<ArrayBuffer>();
  Local<Value> key = args[1];
  ab->SetDetachKey(key);
}

namespace {

std::pair<void*, size_t> DecomposeBufferToParts(Local<Value> buffer) {
  void* pointer;
  size_t byte_length;
  if (buffer->IsArrayBuffer()) {
    Local<ArrayBuffer> ab = buffer.As<ArrayBuffer>();
    pointer = ab->Data();
    byte_length = ab->ByteLength();
  } else if (buffer->IsSharedArrayBuffer()) {
    Local<SharedArrayBuffer> ab = buffer.As<SharedArrayBuffer>();
    pointer = ab->Data();
    byte_length = ab->ByteLength();
  } else {
    UNREACHABLE();  // Caller must validate.
  }
  return {pointer, byte_length};
}

}  // namespace

void CopyArrayBuffer(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  // args[0] == Destination ArrayBuffer
  // args[1] == Destination ArrayBuffer Offset
  // args[2] == Source ArrayBuffer
  // args[3] == Source ArrayBuffer Offset
  // args[4] == bytesToCopy

  CHECK(args[0]->IsArrayBuffer() || args[0]->IsSharedArrayBuffer());
  CHECK(args[1]->IsUint32());
  CHECK(args[2]->IsArrayBuffer() || args[2]->IsSharedArrayBuffer());
  CHECK(args[3]->IsUint32());
  CHECK(args[4]->IsUint32());

  void* destination;
  size_t destination_byte_length;
  std::tie(destination, destination_byte_length) =
      DecomposeBufferToParts(args[0]);

  void* source;
  size_t source_byte_length;
  std::tie(source, source_byte_length) = DecomposeBufferToParts(args[2]);

  uint32_t destination_offset = args[1].As<Uint32>()->Value();
  uint32_t source_offset = args[3].As<Uint32>()->Value();
  size_t bytes_to_copy = args[4].As<Uint32>()->Value();

  CHECK_GE(destination_byte_length - destination_offset, bytes_to_copy);
  CHECK_GE(source_byte_length - source_offset, bytes_to_copy);

  uint8_t* dest = static_cast<uint8_t*>(destination) + destination_offset;
  uint8_t* src = static_cast<uint8_t*>(source) + source_offset;
  memcpy(dest, src, bytes_to_copy);
}

// Converts a number parameter to size_t suitable for ArrayBuffer sizes
// Could be larger than uint32_t
// See v8::internal::TryNumberToSize and v8::internal::NumberToSize
inline size_t CheckNumberToSize(Local<Value> number) {
  CHECK(number->IsNumber());
  double value = number.As<Number>()->Value();
  // See v8::internal::TryNumberToSize on this (and on < comparison)
  double maxSize = static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
  CHECK(value >= 0 && value < maxSize);
  size_t size = static_cast<size_t>(value);
#ifdef V8_ENABLE_SANDBOX
  CHECK_LE(size, kMaxSafeBufferSizeForSandbox);
#endif
  return size;
}

void CreateUnsafeArrayBuffer(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
  if (args.Length() != 1) {
    env->ThrowRangeError("Invalid array buffer length");
    return;
  }

  size_t size = CheckNumberToSize(args[0]);

  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();

  Local<ArrayBuffer> buf;

  // 0-length, or zero-fill flag is set, or building snapshot
  if (size == 0 || per_process::cli_options->zero_fill_all_buffers ||
      env->isolate_data()->is_building_snapshot()) {
    buf = ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, size);
  } else {
    std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> store = ArrayBuffer::NewBackingStore(
        isolate,
        size,
        BackingStoreInitializationMode::kUninitialized,
        v8::BackingStoreOnFailureMode::kReturnNull);

    if (!store) [[unlikely]] {
      THROW_ERR_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_FAILED(env);
      return;
    }

    buf = ArrayBuffer::New(isolate, std::move(store));
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(buf);
}

template <encoding encoding>
uint32_t WriteOneByteString(const char* src,
                            uint32_t src_len,
                            char* dst,
                            uint32_t dst_len) {
  if (dst_len == 0) {
    return 0;
  }

  if constexpr (encoding == UTF8) {
    return simdutf::convert_latin1_to_utf8_safe(src, src_len, dst, dst_len);
  } else if constexpr (encoding == LATIN1 || encoding == ASCII) {
    const auto size = std::min(src_len, dst_len);
    memcpy(dst, src, size);
    return size;
  } else {
    // TODO(ronag): Add support for more encoding.
    UNREACHABLE();
  }
}

template <encoding encoding>
void SlowWriteString(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);

  THROW_AND_RETURN_UNLESS_BUFFER(env, args[0]);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(args[0], ts_obj);

  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_NOT_STRING(env, args[1], "argument");

  Local<String> str;
  if (!args[1]->ToString(env->context()).ToLocal(&str)) {
    return;
  }

  size_t offset = 0;
  size_t max_length = 0;

  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(ParseArrayIndex(env, args[2], 0, &offset));
  THROW_AND_RETURN_IF_OOB(
      ParseArrayIndex(env, args[3], ts_obj_length - offset, &max_length));

  max_length = std::min(ts_obj_length - offset, max_length);

  if (max_length == 0) return args.GetReturnValue().Set(0);

  uint32_t written = 0;

  if ((encoding == UTF8 || encoding == LATIN1 || encoding == ASCII) &&
      str->IsExternalOneByte()) {
    const auto src = str->GetExternalOneByteStringResource();
    written = WriteOneByteString<encoding>(
        src->data(), src->length(), ts_obj_data + offset, max_length);
  } else {
    written = StringBytes::Write(
        env->isolate(), ts_obj_data + offset, max_length, str, encoding);
  }

  args.GetReturnValue().Set(written);
}

template <encoding encoding>
uint32_t FastWriteString(Local<Value> receiver,
                         Local<Value> dst_obj,
                         const FastOneByteString& src,
                         uint32_t offset,
                         uint32_t max_length,
                         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/references)
                         FastApiCallbackOptions& options) {
  // Just a heads up... this is a v8 fast api function. The use of
  // FastOneByteString has some caveats. Specifically, a GC occurring
  // between the time the FastOneByteString is created and the time
  // we use it below can cause the FastOneByteString to become invalid
  // and produce garbage data. This is not a problem here because we
  // are not performing any allocations or other operations that would
  // trigger a GC before the FastOneByteString is used. Take care when
  // modifying this code to ensure that no operations would trigger a GC.
  HandleScope handle_scope(options.isolate);
  SPREAD_BUFFER_ARG(dst_obj, dst);
  CHECK(offset <= dst_length);
  CHECK(dst_length - offset <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());
  TRACK_V8_FAST_API_CALL("buffer.writeString");

  return WriteOneByteString<encoding>(
      src.data,
      src.length,
      reinterpret_cast<char*>(dst_data + offset),
      std::min<uint32_t>(dst_length - offset, max_length));
}

static const CFunction fast_write_string_ascii(
    CFunction::Make(FastWriteString<ASCII>));
static const CFunction fast_write_string_latin1(
    CFunction::Make(FastWriteString<LATIN1>));
static const CFunction fast_write_string_utf8(
    CFunction::Make(FastWriteString<UTF8>));

void Initialize(Local<Object> target,
                Local<Value> unused,
                Local<Context> context,
                void* priv) {
  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(context);
  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();

  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "atob", Atob);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "btoa", Btoa);

  SetMethod(context, target, "setBufferPrototype", SetBufferPrototype);

  SetFastMethodNoSideEffect(context,
                            target,
                            "byteLengthUtf8",
                            SlowByteLengthUtf8,
                            &fast_byte_length_utf8);
  SetMethod(context, target, "copy", SlowCopy);
  SetMethod(context, target, "compare", Compare);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "compareOffset", CompareOffset);
  SetMethod(context, target, "fill", Fill);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "indexOfBuffer", IndexOfBuffer);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "indexOfNumber", IndexOfNumber);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "indexOfString", IndexOfString);

  SetMethod(context, target, "copyArrayBuffer", CopyArrayBuffer);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(
      context, target, "createUnsafeArrayBuffer", CreateUnsafeArrayBuffer);

  SetFastMethod(context, target, "swap16", Swap16, &fast_swap16);
  SetFastMethod(context, target, "swap32", Swap32, &fast_swap32);
  SetFastMethod(context, target, "swap64", Swap64, &fast_swap64);

  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "isUtf8", IsUtf8);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "isAscii", IsAscii);

  target
      ->Set(context,
            FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(isolate, "kMaxLength"),
            Number::New(isolate, kMaxLength))
      .Check();

  target
      ->Set(context,
            FIXED_ONE_BYTE_STRING(isolate, "kStringMaxLength"),
            Integer::New(isolate, String::kMaxLength))
      .Check();

  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "asciiSlice", StringSlice<ASCII>);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "base64Slice", StringSlice<BASE64>);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(
      context, target, "base64urlSlice", StringSlice<BASE64URL>);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "latin1Slice", StringSlice<LATIN1>);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "hexSlice", StringSlice<HEX>);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "ucs2Slice", StringSlice<UCS2>);
  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "utf8Slice", StringSlice<UTF8>);

  SetMethod(context, target, "base64Write", StringWrite<BASE64>);
  SetMethod(context, target, "base64urlWrite", StringWrite<BASE64URL>);
  SetMethod(context, target, "hexWrite", StringWrite<HEX>);
  SetMethod(context, target, "ucs2Write", StringWrite<UCS2>);

  SetFastMethod(context,
                target,
                "asciiWriteStatic",
                SlowWriteString<ASCII>,
                &fast_write_string_ascii);
  SetFastMethod(context,
                target,
                "latin1WriteStatic",
                SlowWriteString<LATIN1>,
                &fast_write_string_latin1);
  SetFastMethod(context,
                target,
                "utf8WriteStatic",
                SlowWriteString<UTF8>,
                &fast_write_string_utf8);

  SetMethod(context, target, "setDetachKey", SetDetachKey);
}

}  // anonymous namespace

void RegisterExternalReferences(ExternalReferenceRegistry* registry) {
  registry->Register(SetBufferPrototype);

  registry->Register(SlowByteLengthUtf8);
  registry->Register(fast_byte_length_utf8);
  registry->Register(SlowCopy);
  registry->Register(fast_copy);
  registry->Register(Compare);
  registry->Register(CompareOffset);
  registry->Register(Fill);
  registry->Register(IndexOfBuffer);
  registry->Register(IndexOfNumber);
  registry->Register(IndexOfString);

  registry->Register(Swap16);
  registry->Register(fast_swap16);
  registry->Register(Swap32);
  registry->Register(fast_swap32);
  registry->Register(Swap64);
  registry->Register(fast_swap64);

  registry->Register(IsUtf8);
  registry->Register(IsAscii);

  registry->Register(StringSlice<ASCII>);
  registry->Register(StringSlice<BASE64>);
  registry->Register(StringSlice<BASE64URL>);
  registry->Register(StringSlice<LATIN1>);
  registry->Register(StringSlice<HEX>);
  registry->Register(StringSlice<UCS2>);
  registry->Register(StringSlice<UTF8>);

  registry->Register(SlowWriteString<ASCII>);
  registry->Register(SlowWriteString<LATIN1>);
  registry->Register(SlowWriteString<UTF8>);
  registry->Register(fast_write_string_ascii);
  registry->Register(fast_write_string_latin1);
  registry->Register(fast_write_string_utf8);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<ASCII>);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<BASE64>);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<BASE64URL>);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<LATIN1>);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<HEX>);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<UCS2>);
  registry->Register(StringWrite<UTF8>);

  registry->Register(CopyArrayBuffer);
  registry->Register(CreateUnsafeArrayBuffer);

  registry->Register(Atob);
  registry->Register(Btoa);

  registry->Register(SetDetachKey);
}

}  // namespace Buffer
}  // namespace node

NODE_BINDING_CONTEXT_AWARE_INTERNAL(buffer, node::Buffer::Initialize)
NODE_BINDING_EXTERNAL_REFERENCE(buffer,
                                node::Buffer::RegisterExternalReferences)