# HTTPS

<!--introduced_in=v0.10.0-->

> Stability: 2 - Stable

<!-- source_link=lib/https.js -->

HTTPS is the HTTP protocol over TLS/SSL. In Node.js this is implemented as a
separate module.

## Determining if crypto support is unavailable

It is possible for Node.js to be built without including support for the
`node:crypto` module. In such cases, attempting to `import` from `https` or
calling `require('node:https')` will result in an error being thrown.

When using CommonJS, the error thrown can be caught using try/catch:

```cjs
let https;
try {
  https = require('node:https');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('https support is disabled!');
}
```

When using the lexical ESM `import` keyword, the error can only be
caught if a handler for `process.on('uncaughtException')` is registered
_before_ any attempt to load the module is made (using, for instance,
a preload module).

When using ESM, if there is a chance that the code may be run on a build
of Node.js where crypto support is not enabled, consider using the
[`import()`][] function instead of the lexical `import` keyword:

```mjs
let https;
try {
  https = await import('node:https');
} catch (err) {
  console.error('https support is disabled!');
}
```

## Class: `https.Agent`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.4.5
changes:
  - version: v5.3.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/4252
    description: support `0` `maxCachedSessions` to disable TLS session caching.
  - version: v2.5.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/2228
    description: parameter `maxCachedSessions` added to `options` for TLS
                 sessions reuse.
-->

An [`Agent`][] object for HTTPS similar to [`http.Agent`][]. See
[`https.request()`][] for more information.

Like `http.Agent`, the `createConnection(options[, callback])` method can be overridden
to customize how TLS connections are established.

> See [`agent.createConnection()`][] for details on overriding this method,
> including asynchronous socket creation with a callback.

### `new Agent([options])`

<!-- YAML
changes:
  - version:
    - v24.5.0
    - v22.21.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/58980
    description: Add support for `proxyEnv`.
  - version:
    - v24.5.0
    - v22.21.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/58980
    description: Add support for `defaultPort` and `protocol`.
  - version: v12.5.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/28209
    description: do not automatically set servername if the target host was
                 specified using an IP address.
-->

* `options` {Object} Set of configurable options to set on the agent.
  Can have the same fields as for [`http.Agent(options)`][], and
  * `maxCachedSessions` {number} maximum number of TLS cached sessions.
    Use `0` to disable TLS session caching. **Default:** `100`.
  * `servername` {string} the value of
    [Server Name Indication extension][sni wiki] to be sent to the server. Use
    empty string `''` to disable sending the extension.
    **Default:** host name of the target server, unless the target server
    is specified using an IP address, in which case the default is `''` (no
    extension).

    See [`Session Resumption`][] for information about TLS session reuse.

#### Event: `'keylog'`

<!-- YAML
added:
 - v13.2.0
 - v12.16.0
-->

* `line` {Buffer} Line of ASCII text, in NSS `SSLKEYLOGFILE` format.
* `tlsSocket` {tls.TLSSocket} The `tls.TLSSocket` instance on which it was
  generated.

The `keylog` event is emitted when key material is generated or received by a
connection managed by this agent (typically before handshake has completed, but
not necessarily). This keying material can be stored for debugging, as it
allows captured TLS traffic to be decrypted. It may be emitted multiple times
for each socket.

A typical use case is to append received lines to a common text file, which is
later used by software (such as Wireshark) to decrypt the traffic:

```js
// ...
https.globalAgent.on('keylog', (line, tlsSocket) => {
  fs.appendFileSync('/tmp/ssl-keys.log', line, { mode: 0o600 });
});
```

## Class: `https.Server`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.4
-->

* Extends: {tls.Server}

See [`http.Server`][] for more information.

### `server.close([callback])`

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added: v0.1.90
-->

* `callback` {Function}
* Returns: {https.Server}

See [`server.close()`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server[Symbol.asyncDispose]()`

<!-- YAML
added: v20.4.0
changes:
 - version: v24.2.0
   pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/58467
   description: No longer experimental.
-->

Calls [`server.close()`][httpsServerClose] and returns a promise that
fulfills when the server has closed.

### `server.closeAllConnections()`

<!-- YAML
added: v18.2.0
-->

See [`server.closeAllConnections()`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.closeIdleConnections()`

<!-- YAML
added: v18.2.0
-->

See [`server.closeIdleConnections()`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.headersTimeout`

<!-- YAML
added: v11.3.0
-->

* Type: {number} **Default:** `60000`

See [`server.headersTimeout`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.listen()`

Starts the HTTPS server listening for encrypted connections.
This method is identical to [`server.listen()`][] from [`net.Server`][].

### `server.maxHeadersCount`

* Type: {number} **Default:** `2000`

See [`server.maxHeadersCount`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.requestTimeout`

<!-- YAML
added: v14.11.0
changes:
  - version: v18.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/41263
    description: The default request timeout changed
                 from no timeout to 300s (5 minutes).
-->

* Type: {number} **Default:** `300000`

See [`server.requestTimeout`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.setTimeout([msecs][, callback])`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.2
-->

* `msecs` {number} **Default:** `120000` (2 minutes)
* `callback` {Function}
* Returns: {https.Server}

See [`server.setTimeout()`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.timeout`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.2
changes:
  - version: v13.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/27558
    description: The default timeout changed from 120s to 0 (no timeout).
-->

* Type: {number} **Default:** 0 (no timeout)

See [`server.timeout`][] in the `node:http` module.

### `server.keepAliveTimeout`

<!-- YAML
added: v8.0.0
-->

* Type: {number} **Default:** `5000` (5 seconds)

See [`server.keepAliveTimeout`][] in the `node:http` module.

## `https.createServer([options][, requestListener])`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.4
-->

* `options` {Object} Accepts `options` from [`tls.createServer()`][],
  [`tls.createSecureContext()`][] and [`http.createServer()`][].
* `requestListener` {Function} A listener to be added to the `'request'` event.
* Returns: {https.Server}

```mjs
// curl -k https://localhost:8000/
import { createServer } from 'node:https';
import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';

const options = {
  key: readFileSync('private-key.pem'),
  cert: readFileSync('certificate.pem'),
};

createServer(options, (req, res) => {
  res.writeHead(200);
  res.end('hello world\n');
}).listen(8000);
```

```cjs
// curl -k https://localhost:8000/
const https = require('node:https');
const fs = require('node:fs');

const options = {
  key: fs.readFileSync('private-key.pem'),
  cert: fs.readFileSync('certificate.pem'),
};

https.createServer(options, (req, res) => {
  res.writeHead(200);
  res.end('hello world\n');
}).listen(8000);
```

Or

```mjs
import { createServer } from 'node:https';
import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';

const options = {
  pfx: readFileSync('test_cert.pfx'),
  passphrase: 'sample',
};

createServer(options, (req, res) => {
  res.writeHead(200);
  res.end('hello world\n');
}).listen(8000);
```

```cjs
const https = require('node:https');
const fs = require('node:fs');

const options = {
  pfx: fs.readFileSync('test_cert.pfx'),
  passphrase: 'sample',
};

https.createServer(options, (req, res) => {
  res.writeHead(200);
  res.end('hello world\n');
}).listen(8000);
```

To generate the certificate and key for this example, run:

```bash
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -sha256 -subj '/CN=localhost' \
  -keyout private-key.pem -out certificate.pem
```

Then, to generate the `pfx` certificate for this example, run:

```bash
openssl pkcs12 -certpbe AES-256-CBC -export -out test_cert.pfx \
  -inkey private-key.pem -in certificate.pem -passout pass:sample
```

## `https.get(options[, callback])`

## `https.get(url[, options][, callback])`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.6
changes:
  - version: v10.9.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/21616
    description: The `url` parameter can now be passed along with a separate
                 `options` object.
  - version: v7.5.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/10638
    description: The `options` parameter can be a WHATWG `URL` object.
-->

* `url` {string | URL}
* `options` {Object | string | URL} Accepts the same `options` as
  [`https.request()`][], with the method set to GET by default.
* `callback` {Function}
* Returns: {http.ClientRequest}

Like [`http.get()`][] but for HTTPS.

`options` can be an object, a string, or a [`URL`][] object. If `options` is a
string, it is automatically parsed with [`new URL()`][]. If it is a [`URL`][]
object, it will be automatically converted to an ordinary `options` object.

```mjs
import { get } from 'node:https';
import process from 'node:process';

get('https://encrypted.google.com/', (res) => {
  console.log('statusCode:', res.statusCode);
  console.log('headers:', res.headers);

  res.on('data', (d) => {
    process.stdout.write(d);
  });

}).on('error', (e) => {
  console.error(e);
});
```

```cjs
const https = require('node:https');

https.get('https://encrypted.google.com/', (res) => {
  console.log('statusCode:', res.statusCode);
  console.log('headers:', res.headers);

  res.on('data', (d) => {
    process.stdout.write(d);
  });

}).on('error', (e) => {
  console.error(e);
});
```

## `https.globalAgent`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.5.9
changes:
  - version:
      - v19.0.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/43522
    description: The agent now uses HTTP Keep-Alive and a 5 second timeout by
                 default.
-->

Global instance of [`https.Agent`][] for all HTTPS client requests. Diverges
from a default [`https.Agent`][] configuration by having `keepAlive` enabled and
a `timeout` of 5 seconds.

## `https.request(options[, callback])`

## `https.request(url[, options][, callback])`

<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.6
changes:
  - version:
    - v22.4.0
    - v20.16.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/53329
    description: The `clientCertEngine` option depends on custom engine
                 support in OpenSSL which is deprecated in OpenSSL 3.
  - version:
      - v16.7.0
      - v14.18.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/39310
    description: When using a `URL` object parsed username
                 and password will now be properly URI decoded.
  - version:
      - v14.1.0
      - v13.14.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32786
    description: The `highWaterMark` option is accepted now.
  - version: v10.9.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/21616
    description: The `url` parameter can now be passed along with a separate
                 `options` object.
  - version: v9.3.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/14903
    description: The `options` parameter can now include `clientCertEngine`.
  - version: v7.5.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/10638
    description: The `options` parameter can be a WHATWG `URL` object.
-->

* `url` {string | URL}
* `options` {Object | string | URL} Accepts all `options` from
  [`http.request()`][], with some differences in default values:
  * `protocol` **Default:** `'https:'`
  * `port` **Default:** `443`
  * `agent` **Default:** `https.globalAgent`
* `callback` {Function}
* Returns: {http.ClientRequest}

Makes a request to a secure web server.

The following additional `options` from [`tls.connect()`][] are also accepted:
`ca`, `cert`, `ciphers`, `clientCertEngine` (deprecated), `crl`, `dhparam`, `ecdhCurve`,
`honorCipherOrder`, `key`, `passphrase`, `pfx`, `rejectUnauthorized`,
`secureOptions`, `secureProtocol`, `servername`, `sessionIdContext`,
`highWaterMark`.

`options` can be an object, a string, or a [`URL`][] object. If `options` is a
string, it is automatically parsed with [`new URL()`][]. If it is a [`URL`][]
object, it will be automatically converted to an ordinary `options` object.

`https.request()` returns an instance of the [`http.ClientRequest`][]
class. The `ClientRequest` instance is a writable stream. If one needs to
upload a file with a POST request, then write to the `ClientRequest` object.

```mjs
import { request } from 'node:https';
import process from 'node:process';

const options = {
  hostname: 'encrypted.google.com',
  port: 443,
  path: '/',
  method: 'GET',
};

const req = request(options, (res) => {
  console.log('statusCode:', res.statusCode);
  console.log('headers:', res.headers);

  res.on('data', (d) => {
    process.stdout.write(d);
  });
});

req.on('error', (e) => {
  console.error(e);
});
req.end();
```

```cjs
const https = require('node:https');

const options = {
  hostname: 'encrypted.google.com',
  port: 443,
  path: '/',
  method: 'GET',
};

const req = https.request(options, (res) => {
  console.log('statusCode:', res.statusCode);
  console.log('headers:', res.headers);

  res.on('data', (d) => {
    process.stdout.write(d);
  });
});

req.on('error', (e) => {
  console.error(e);
});
req.end();
```

Example using options from [`tls.connect()`][]:

```js
const options = {
  hostname: 'encrypted.google.com',
  port: 443,
  path: '/',
  method: 'GET',
  key: fs.readFileSync('private-key.pem'),
  cert: fs.readFileSync('certificate.pem'),
};
options.agent = new https.Agent(options);

const req = https.request(options, (res) => {
  // ...
});
```

Alternatively, opt out of connection pooling by not using an [`Agent`][].

```js
const options = {
  hostname: 'encrypted.google.com',
  port: 443,
  path: '/',
  method: 'GET',
  key: fs.readFileSync('private-key.pem'),
  cert: fs.readFileSync('certificate.pem'),
  agent: false,
};

const req = https.request(options, (res) => {
  // ...
});
```

Example using a [`URL`][] as `options`:

```js
const options = new URL('https://abc:xyz@example.com');

const req = https.request(options, (res) => {
  // ...
});
```

Example pinning on certificate fingerprint, or the public key (similar to
`pin-sha256`):

```mjs
import { checkServerIdentity } from 'node:tls';
import { Agent, request } from 'node:https';
import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';

function sha256(s) {
  return createHash('sha256').update(s).digest('base64');
}
const options = {
  hostname: 'github.com',
  port: 443,
  path: '/',
  method: 'GET',
  checkServerIdentity: function(host, cert) {
    // Make sure the certificate is issued to the host we are connected to
    const err = checkServerIdentity(host, cert);
    if (err) {
      return err;
    }

    // Pin the public key, similar to HPKP pin-sha256 pinning
    const pubkey256 = 'SIXvRyDmBJSgatgTQRGbInBaAK+hZOQ18UmrSwnDlK8=';
    if (sha256(cert.pubkey) !== pubkey256) {
      const msg = 'Certificate verification error: ' +
        `The public key of '${cert.subject.CN}' ` +
        'does not match our pinned fingerprint';
      return new Error(msg);
    }

    // Pin the exact certificate, rather than the pub key
    const cert256 = 'FD:6E:9B:0E:F3:98:BC:D9:04:C3:B2:EC:16:7A:7B:' +
      '0F:DA:72:01:C9:03:C5:3A:6A:6A:E5:D0:41:43:63:EF:65';
    if (cert.fingerprint256 !== cert256) {
      const msg = 'Certificate verification error: ' +
        `The certificate of '${cert.subject.CN}' ` +
        'does not match our pinned fingerprint';
      return new Error(msg);
    }

    // This loop is informational only.
    // Print the certificate and public key fingerprints of all certs in the
    // chain. Its common to pin the public key of the issuer on the public
    // internet, while pinning the public key of the service in sensitive
    // environments.
    let lastprint256;
    do {
      console.log('Subject Common Name:', cert.subject.CN);
      console.log('  Certificate SHA256 fingerprint:', cert.fingerprint256);

      const hash = createHash('sha256');
      console.log('  Public key ping-sha256:', sha256(cert.pubkey));

      lastprint256 = cert.fingerprint256;
      cert = cert.issuerCertificate;
    } while (cert.fingerprint256 !== lastprint256);

  },
};

options.agent = new Agent(options);
const req = request(options, (res) => {
  console.log('All OK. Server matched our pinned cert or public key');
  console.log('statusCode:', res.statusCode);

  res.on('data', (d) => {});
});

req.on('error', (e) => {
  console.error(e.message);
});
req.end();
```

```cjs
const tls = require('node:tls');
const https = require('node:https');
const crypto = require('node:crypto');

function sha256(s) {
  return crypto.createHash('sha256').update(s).digest('base64');
}
const options = {
  hostname: 'github.com',
  port: 443,
  path: '/',
  method: 'GET',
  checkServerIdentity: function(host, cert) {
    // Make sure the certificate is issued to the host we are connected to
    const err = tls.checkServerIdentity(host, cert);
    if (err) {
      return err;
    }

    // Pin the public key, similar to HPKP pin-sha256 pinning
    const pubkey256 = 'SIXvRyDmBJSgatgTQRGbInBaAK+hZOQ18UmrSwnDlK8=';
    if (sha256(cert.pubkey) !== pubkey256) {
      const msg = 'Certificate verification error: ' +
        `The public key of '${cert.subject.CN}' ` +
        'does not match our pinned fingerprint';
      return new Error(msg);
    }

    // Pin the exact certificate, rather than the pub key
    const cert256 = 'FD:6E:9B:0E:F3:98:BC:D9:04:C3:B2:EC:16:7A:7B:' +
      '0F:DA:72:01:C9:03:C5:3A:6A:6A:E5:D0:41:43:63:EF:65';
    if (cert.fingerprint256 !== cert256) {
      const msg = 'Certificate verification error: ' +
        `The certificate of '${cert.subject.CN}' ` +
        'does not match our pinned fingerprint';
      return new Error(msg);
    }

    // This loop is informational only.
    // Print the certificate and public key fingerprints of all certs in the
    // chain. Its common to pin the public key of the issuer on the public
    // internet, while pinning the public key of the service in sensitive
    // environments.
    do {
      console.log('Subject Common Name:', cert.subject.CN);
      console.log('  Certificate SHA256 fingerprint:', cert.fingerprint256);

      hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
      console.log('  Public key ping-sha256:', sha256(cert.pubkey));

      lastprint256 = cert.fingerprint256;
      cert = cert.issuerCertificate;
    } while (cert.fingerprint256 !== lastprint256);

  },
};

options.agent = new https.Agent(options);
const req = https.request(options, (res) => {
  console.log('All OK. Server matched our pinned cert or public key');
  console.log('statusCode:', res.statusCode);

  res.on('data', (d) => {});
});

req.on('error', (e) => {
  console.error(e.message);
});
req.end();
```

Outputs for example:

```text
Subject Common Name: github.com
  Certificate SHA256 fingerprint: FD:6E:9B:0E:F3:98:BC:D9:04:C3:B2:EC:16:7A:7B:0F:DA:72:01:C9:03:C5:3A:6A:6A:E5:D0:41:43:63:EF:65
  Public key ping-sha256: SIXvRyDmBJSgatgTQRGbInBaAK+hZOQ18UmrSwnDlK8=
Subject Common Name: Sectigo ECC Domain Validation Secure Server CA
  Certificate SHA256 fingerprint: 61:E9:73:75:E9:F6:DA:98:2F:F5:C1:9E:2F:94:E6:6C:4E:35:B6:83:7C:E3:B9:14:D2:24:5C:7F:5F:65:82:5F
  Public key ping-sha256: Eep0p/AsSa9lFUH6KT2UY+9s1Z8v7voAPkQ4fGknZ2g=
Subject Common Name: USERTrust ECC Certification Authority
  Certificate SHA256 fingerprint: A6:CF:64:DB:B4:C8:D5:FD:19:CE:48:89:60:68:DB:03:B5:33:A8:D1:33:6C:62:56:A8:7D:00:CB:B3:DE:F3:EA
  Public key ping-sha256: UJM2FOhG9aTNY0Pg4hgqjNzZ/lQBiMGRxPD5Y2/e0bw=
Subject Common Name: AAA Certificate Services
  Certificate SHA256 fingerprint: D7:A7:A0:FB:5D:7E:27:31:D7:71:E9:48:4E:BC:DE:F7:1D:5F:0C:3E:0A:29:48:78:2B:C8:3E:E0:EA:69:9E:F4
  Public key ping-sha256: vRU+17BDT2iGsXvOi76E7TQMcTLXAqj0+jGPdW7L1vM=
All OK. Server matched our pinned cert or public key
statusCode: 200
```

[`Agent`]: #class-httpsagent
[`Session Resumption`]: tls.md#session-resumption
[`URL`]: url.md#the-whatwg-url-api
[`agent.createConnection()`]: http.md#agentcreateconnectionoptions-callback
[`http.Agent(options)`]: http.md#new-agentoptions
[`http.Agent`]: http.md#class-httpagent
[`http.ClientRequest`]: http.md#class-httpclientrequest
[`http.Server`]: http.md#class-httpserver
[`http.createServer()`]: http.md#httpcreateserveroptions-requestlistener
[`http.get()`]: http.md#httpgetoptions-callback
[`http.request()`]: http.md#httprequestoptions-callback
[`https.Agent`]: #class-httpsagent
[`https.request()`]: #httpsrequestoptions-callback
[`import()`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import
[`net.Server`]: net.md#class-netserver
[`new URL()`]: url.md#new-urlinput-base
[`server.close()`]: http.md#serverclosecallback
[`server.closeAllConnections()`]: http.md#servercloseallconnections
[`server.closeIdleConnections()`]: http.md#servercloseidleconnections
[`server.headersTimeout`]: http.md#serverheaderstimeout
[`server.keepAliveTimeout`]: http.md#serverkeepalivetimeout
[`server.listen()`]: net.md#serverlisten
[`server.maxHeadersCount`]: http.md#servermaxheaderscount
[`server.requestTimeout`]: http.md#serverrequesttimeout
[`server.setTimeout()`]: http.md#serversettimeoutmsecs-callback
[`server.timeout`]: http.md#servertimeout
[`tls.connect()`]: tls.md#tlsconnectoptions-callback
[`tls.createSecureContext()`]: tls.md#tlscreatesecurecontextoptions
[`tls.createServer()`]: tls.md#tlscreateserveroptions-secureconnectionlistener
[httpsServerClose]: #serverclosecallback
[sni wiki]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication