// This file is generated by Tools/cases_generator/tier2_generator.py
// from:
//   Python/bytecodes.c
// Do not edit!

#ifdef TIER_ONE
    #error "This file is for Tier 2 only"
#endif
#define TIER_TWO 2

        case _NOP: {
            break;
        }

        case _RESUME_CHECK: {
            #if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
            if (_Py_emscripten_signal_clock == 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            _Py_emscripten_signal_clock -= Py_EMSCRIPTEN_SIGNAL_HANDLING;
            #endif
            uintptr_t eval_breaker = _Py_atomic_load_uintptr_relaxed(&tstate->eval_breaker);
            uintptr_t version = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINTPTR_ACQUIRE(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->_co_instrumentation_version);
            assert((version & _PY_EVAL_EVENTS_MASK) == 0);
            if (eval_breaker != version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_RESUME is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        case _LOAD_FAST_CHECK: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            _PyStackRef value_s = GETLOCAL(oparg);
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(value_s)) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
                    UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
                    PyTuple_GetItem(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_localsplusnames, oparg)
                );
                if (1) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(value_s);
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_0: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 0;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_1: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 1;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_2: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 2;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_3: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 3;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_4: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 4;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_5: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 5;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_6: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 6;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_7: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 7;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            assert(!PyStackRef_IsNull(GETLOCAL(oparg)));
            value = PyStackRef_DUP(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value = GETLOCAL(oparg);
            // do not use SETLOCAL here, it decrefs the old value
            GETLOCAL(oparg) = PyStackRef_NULL;
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_CONST: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(GETITEM(FRAME_CO_CONSTS, oparg));
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_0: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 0;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_1: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 1;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_2: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 2;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_3: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 3;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_4: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 4;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_5: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 5;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_6: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 6;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST_7: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = 7;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_FAST: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            SETLOCAL(oparg, value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _POP_TOP: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _PUSH_NULL: {
            _PyStackRef res;
            res = PyStackRef_NULL;
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _END_SEND: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef receiver;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            receiver = stack_pointer[-2];
            (void)receiver;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(receiver);
            stack_pointer[-2] = value;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _UNARY_NEGATIVE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *res_o = PyNumber_Negative(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _UNARY_NOT: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            assert(PyStackRef_BoolCheck(value));
            res = PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_False)
            ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _TO_BOOL: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            int err = PyObject_IsTrue(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            if (err < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = err ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _TO_BOOL_BOOL: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            if (!PyStackRef_BoolCheck(value)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
            break;
        }

        case _TO_BOOL_INT: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(value_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
            if (_PyLong_IsZero((PyLongObject *)value_o)) {
                assert(_Py_IsImmortal(value_o));
                res = PyStackRef_False;
            }
            else {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
                res = PyStackRef_True;
            }
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _TO_BOOL_LIST: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value);
            if (!PyList_CheckExact(value_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
            res = Py_SIZE(value_o) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _TO_BOOL_NONE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            // This one is a bit weird, because we expect *some* failures:
            if (!PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
            res = PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _TO_BOOL_STR: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value);
            if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(value_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(TO_BOOL, hit);
            if (value_o == &_Py_STR(empty)) {
                assert(_Py_IsImmortal(value_o));
                res = PyStackRef_False;
            }
            else {
                assert(Py_SIZE(value_o));
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
                res = PyStackRef_True;
            }
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _REPLACE_WITH_TRUE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            res = PyStackRef_True;
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _UNARY_INVERT: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *res_o = PyNumber_Invert(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_BOTH_INT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(left_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(right_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_NOS_INT: {
            _PyStackRef left;
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(left_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_TOS_INT: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(value_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_MULTIPLY_INT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyLong_Multiply((PyLongObject *)left_o, (PyLongObject *)right_o);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_ADD_INT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyLong_Add((PyLongObject *)left_o, (PyLongObject *)right_o);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_SUBTRACT_INT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyLong_Subtract((PyLongObject *)left_o, (PyLongObject *)right_o);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);;
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_BOTH_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            if (!PyFloat_CheckExact(left_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyFloat_CheckExact(right_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_NOS_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef left;
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            if (!PyFloat_CheckExact(left_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_TOS_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value);
            if (!PyFloat_CheckExact(value_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_MULTIPLY_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            double dres =
            ((PyFloatObject *)left_o)->ob_fval *
            ((PyFloatObject *)right_o)->ob_fval;
            PyObject *res_o;
            DECREF_INPUTS_AND_REUSE_FLOAT(left_o, right_o, dres, res_o);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_ADD_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            double dres =
            ((PyFloatObject *)left_o)->ob_fval +
            ((PyFloatObject *)right_o)->ob_fval;
            PyObject *res_o;
            DECREF_INPUTS_AND_REUSE_FLOAT(left_o, right_o, dres, res_o);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_SUBTRACT_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            double dres =
            ((PyFloatObject *)left_o)->ob_fval -
            ((PyFloatObject *)right_o)->ob_fval;
            PyObject *res_o;
            DECREF_INPUTS_AND_REUSE_FLOAT(left_o, right_o, dres, res_o);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_BOTH_UNICODE: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(left_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(right_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_ADD_UNICODE: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = PyUnicode_Concat(left_o, right_o);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, _PyUnicode_ExactDealloc);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, _PyUnicode_ExactDealloc);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP_INPLACE_ADD_UNICODE: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            int next_oparg;
            #if TIER_ONE
            assert(next_instr->op.code == STORE_FAST);
            next_oparg = next_instr->op.arg;
            #else
            next_oparg = CURRENT_OPERAND();
            #endif
            _PyStackRef *target_local = &GETLOCAL(next_oparg);
            if (!PyStackRef_Is(*target_local, left)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(BINARY_OP, hit);
            /* Handle `left = left + right` or `left += right` for str.
             *
             * When possible, extend `left` in place rather than
             * allocating a new PyUnicodeObject. This attempts to avoid
             * quadratic behavior when one neglects to use str.join().
             *
             * If `left` has only two references remaining (one from
             * the stack, one in the locals), DECREFing `left` leaves
             * only the locals reference, so PyUnicode_Append knows
             * that the string is safe to mutate.
             */
            assert(Py_REFCNT(left_o) >= 2);
            _Py_DECREF_NO_DEALLOC(left_o);
            PyObject *temp = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*target_local);
            PyUnicode_Append(&temp, right_o);
            *target_local = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(temp);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, _PyUnicode_ExactDealloc);
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(*target_local)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            #if TIER_ONE
            // The STORE_FAST is already done. This is done here in tier one,
            // and during trace projection in tier two:
            assert(next_instr->op.code == STORE_FAST);
            SKIP_OVER(1);
            #endif
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR: {
            _PyStackRef sub;
            _PyStackRef container;
            _PyStackRef res;
            sub = stack_pointer[-1];
            container = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *container_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container);
            PyObject *sub_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub);
            PyObject *res_o = PyObject_GetItem(container_o, sub_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(container);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(sub);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SLICE: {
            _PyStackRef stop;
            _PyStackRef start;
            _PyStackRef container;
            _PyStackRef res;
            stop = stack_pointer[-1];
            start = stack_pointer[-2];
            container = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *slice = _PyBuildSlice_ConsumeRefs(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(start),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(stop));
            PyObject *res_o;
            // Can't use ERROR_IF() here, because we haven't
            // DECREF'ed container yet, and we still own slice.
            if (slice == NULL) {
                res_o = NULL;
            }
            else {
                res_o = PyObject_GetItem(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container), slice);
                Py_DECREF(slice);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(container);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-3] = res;
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_SLICE: {
            _PyStackRef stop;
            _PyStackRef start;
            _PyStackRef container;
            _PyStackRef v;
            stop = stack_pointer[-1];
            start = stack_pointer[-2];
            container = stack_pointer[-3];
            v = stack_pointer[-4];
            PyObject *slice = _PyBuildSlice_ConsumeRefs(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(start),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(stop));
            int err;
            if (slice == NULL) {
                err = 1;
            }
            else {
                err = PyObject_SetItem(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container), slice, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
                Py_DECREF(slice);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(container);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -4;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR_LIST_INT: {
            _PyStackRef sub_st;
            _PyStackRef list_st;
            _PyStackRef res;
            sub_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            list_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *sub = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub_st);
            PyObject *list = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(list_st);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyList_CheckExact(list)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // Deopt unless 0 <= sub < PyList_Size(list)
            if (!_PyLong_IsNonNegativeCompact((PyLongObject *)sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            Py_ssize_t index = ((PyLongObject*)sub)->long_value.ob_digit[0];
            if (index >= PyList_GET_SIZE(list)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(BINARY_SUBSCR, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, index);
            assert(res_o != NULL);
            Py_INCREF(res_o);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(sub, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(list_st);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR_STR_INT: {
            _PyStackRef sub_st;
            _PyStackRef str_st;
            _PyStackRef res;
            sub_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            str_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *sub = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub_st);
            PyObject *str = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(str_st);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(str)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!_PyLong_IsNonNegativeCompact((PyLongObject *)sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            Py_ssize_t index = ((PyLongObject*)sub)->long_value.ob_digit[0];
            if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) <= index) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // Specialize for reading an ASCII character from any string:
            Py_UCS4 c = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(str, index);
            if (Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(_Py_SINGLETON(strings).ascii) <= c) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(BINARY_SUBSCR, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = (PyObject*)&_Py_SINGLETON(strings).ascii[c];
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(sub, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(str_st);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR_TUPLE_INT: {
            _PyStackRef sub_st;
            _PyStackRef tuple_st;
            _PyStackRef res;
            sub_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            tuple_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *sub = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub_st);
            PyObject *tuple = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(tuple_st);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(tuple)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // Deopt unless 0 <= sub < PyTuple_Size(list)
            if (!_PyLong_IsNonNegativeCompact((PyLongObject *)sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            Py_ssize_t index = ((PyLongObject*)sub)->long_value.ob_digit[0];
            if (index >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(BINARY_SUBSCR, hit);
            PyObject *res_o = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, index);
            assert(res_o != NULL);
            Py_INCREF(res_o);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(sub, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(tuple_st);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef sub_st;
            _PyStackRef dict_st;
            _PyStackRef res;
            sub_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            dict_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *sub = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub_st);
            PyObject *dict = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(dict_st);
            if (!PyDict_CheckExact(dict)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(BINARY_SUBSCR, hit);
            PyObject *res_o;
            int rc = PyDict_GetItemRef(dict, sub, &res_o);
            if (rc == 0) {
                _PyErr_SetKeyError(sub);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(dict_st);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(sub_st);
            if (rc <= 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            // not found or error
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR_CHECK_FUNC: {
            _PyStackRef container;
            container = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container));
            if (!PyType_HasFeature(tp, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyHeapTypeObject *ht = (PyHeapTypeObject *)tp;
            PyObject *getitem = ht->_spec_cache.getitem;
            if (getitem == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(PyFunction_Check(getitem));
            uint32_t cached_version = ht->_spec_cache.getitem_version;
            if (((PyFunctionObject *)getitem)->func_version != cached_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)PyFunction_GET_CODE(getitem);
            assert(code->co_argcount == 2);
            if (!_PyThreadState_HasStackSpace(tstate, code->co_framesize)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(BINARY_SUBSCR, hit);
            Py_INCREF(getitem);
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_SUBSCR_INIT_CALL: {
            _PyStackRef sub;
            _PyStackRef container;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            sub = stack_pointer[-1];
            container = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container));
            PyHeapTypeObject *ht = (PyHeapTypeObject *)tp;
            PyObject *getitem = ht->_spec_cache.getitem;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, (PyFunctionObject *)getitem, 2);
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = container;
            new_frame->localsplus[1] = sub;
            frame->return_offset = (uint16_t)(1 + INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_BINARY_SUBSCR);
            stack_pointer[0].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LIST_APPEND: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            _PyStackRef list;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            v = stack_pointer[-1];
            list = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg-1)];
            if (_PyList_AppendTakeRef((PyListObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(list),
                         PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(v)) < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _SET_ADD: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            _PyStackRef set;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            v = stack_pointer[-1];
            set = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg-1)];
            int err = PySet_Add(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(set),
                                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_SUBSCR: {
            _PyStackRef sub;
            _PyStackRef container;
            _PyStackRef v;
            sub = stack_pointer[-1];
            container = stack_pointer[-2];
            v = stack_pointer[-3];
            /* container[sub] = v */
            int err = PyObject_SetItem(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(container);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(sub);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -3;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_SUBSCR_LIST_INT: {
            _PyStackRef sub_st;
            _PyStackRef list_st;
            _PyStackRef value;
            sub_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            list_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            value = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *sub = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub_st);
            PyObject *list = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(list_st);
            if (!PyLong_CheckExact(sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyList_CheckExact(list)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // Ensure nonnegative, zero-or-one-digit ints.
            if (!_PyLong_IsNonNegativeCompact((PyLongObject *)sub)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            Py_ssize_t index = ((PyLongObject*)sub)->long_value.ob_digit[0];
            // Ensure index < len(list)
            if (index >= PyList_GET_SIZE(list)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(STORE_SUBSCR, hit);
            PyObject *old_value = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, index);
            PyList_SET_ITEM(list, index, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(value));
            assert(old_value != NULL);
            Py_DECREF(old_value);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(sub, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(list_st);
            stack_pointer += -3;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_SUBSCR_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef sub;
            _PyStackRef dict_st;
            _PyStackRef value;
            sub = stack_pointer[-1];
            dict_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            value = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *dict = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(dict_st);
            if (!PyDict_CheckExact(dict)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(STORE_SUBSCR, hit);
            int err = _PyDict_SetItem_Take2((PyDictObject *)dict,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(sub),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(value));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(dict_st);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -3;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DELETE_SUBSCR: {
            _PyStackRef sub;
            _PyStackRef container;
            sub = stack_pointer[-1];
            container = stack_pointer[-2];
            /* del container[sub] */
            int err = PyObject_DelItem(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(container),
                                       PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(sub));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(container);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(sub);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_INTRINSIC_1: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            assert(oparg <= MAX_INTRINSIC_1);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyIntrinsics_UnaryFunctions[oparg].func(tstate, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_INTRINSIC_2: {
            _PyStackRef value1_st;
            _PyStackRef value2_st;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value1_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            value2_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            assert(oparg <= MAX_INTRINSIC_2);
            PyObject *value1 = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value1_st);
            PyObject *value2 = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value2_st);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyIntrinsics_BinaryFunctions[oparg].func(tstate, value2, value1);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value2_st);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value1_st);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _RETURN_VALUE: {
            _PyStackRef retval;
            _PyStackRef res;
            retval = stack_pointer[-1];
            #if TIER_ONE
            assert(frame != &entry_frame);
            #endif
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
            assert(EMPTY());
            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallPy(tstate);
            // GH-99729: We need to unlink the frame *before* clearing it:
            _PyInterpreterFrame *dying = frame;
            frame = tstate->current_frame = dying->previous;
            _PyEval_FrameClearAndPop(tstate, dying);
            LOAD_SP();
            LOAD_IP(frame->return_offset);
            res = retval;
            LLTRACE_RESUME_FRAME();
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GET_AITER: {
            _PyStackRef obj;
            _PyStackRef iter;
            obj = stack_pointer[-1];
            unaryfunc getter = NULL;
            PyObject *obj_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(obj);
            PyObject *iter_o;
            PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(obj_o);
            if (type->tp_as_async != NULL) {
                getter = type->tp_as_async->am_aiter;
            }
            if (getter == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                              "'async for' requires an object with "
                              "__aiter__ method, got %.100s",
                              type->tp_name);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(obj);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            iter_o = (*getter)(obj_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(obj);
            if (iter_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            if (Py_TYPE(iter_o)->tp_as_async == NULL ||
                Py_TYPE(iter_o)->tp_as_async->am_anext == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                              "'async for' received an object from __aiter__ "
                              "that does not implement __anext__: %.100s",
                              Py_TYPE(iter_o)->tp_name);
                Py_DECREF(iter_o);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            iter = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(iter_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = iter;
            break;
        }

        case _GET_ANEXT: {
            _PyStackRef aiter;
            _PyStackRef awaitable;
            aiter = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *awaitable_o = _PyEval_GetANext(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(aiter));
            if (awaitable_o == NULL) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            awaitable = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(awaitable_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = awaitable;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GET_AWAITABLE: {
            _PyStackRef iterable;
            _PyStackRef iter;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            iterable = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *iter_o = _PyEval_GetAwaitable(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iterable), oparg);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable);
            if (iter_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            iter = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(iter_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = iter;
            break;
        }

        /* _SEND is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        case _SEND_GEN_FRAME: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            _PyStackRef receiver;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *gen_frame;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            v = stack_pointer[-1];
            receiver = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyGenObject *gen = (PyGenObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(receiver);
            if (Py_TYPE(gen) != &PyGen_Type && Py_TYPE(gen) != &PyCoro_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (gen->gi_frame_state >= FRAME_EXECUTING) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(SEND, hit);
            gen_frame = &gen->gi_iframe;
            _PyFrame_StackPush(gen_frame, v);
            gen->gi_frame_state = FRAME_EXECUTING;
            gen->gi_exc_state.previous_item = tstate->exc_info;
            tstate->exc_info = &gen->gi_exc_state;
            assert(1 + INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_SEND + oparg <= UINT16_MAX);
            frame->return_offset = (uint16_t)(1 + INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_SEND + oparg);
            stack_pointer[-1].bits = (uintptr_t)gen_frame;
            break;
        }

        case _YIELD_VALUE: {
            _PyStackRef retval;
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            retval = stack_pointer[-1];
            // NOTE: It's important that YIELD_VALUE never raises an exception!
            // The compiler treats any exception raised here as a failed close()
            // or throw() call.
            #if TIER_ONE
            assert(frame != &entry_frame);
            #endif
            frame->instr_ptr++;
            PyGenObject *gen = _PyGen_GetGeneratorFromFrame(frame);
            assert(FRAME_SUSPENDED_YIELD_FROM == FRAME_SUSPENDED + 1);
            assert(oparg == 0 || oparg == 1);
            gen->gi_frame_state = FRAME_SUSPENDED + oparg;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
            tstate->exc_info = gen->gi_exc_state.previous_item;
            gen->gi_exc_state.previous_item = NULL;
            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallPy(tstate);
            _PyInterpreterFrame *gen_frame = frame;
            frame = tstate->current_frame = frame->previous;
            gen_frame->previous = NULL;
            /* We don't know which of these is relevant here, so keep them equal */
            assert(INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_SEND == INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_FOR_ITER);
            #if TIER_ONE
            assert(frame->instr_ptr->op.code == INSTRUMENTED_LINE ||
                   frame->instr_ptr->op.code == INSTRUMENTED_INSTRUCTION ||
                   _PyOpcode_Deopt[frame->instr_ptr->op.code] == SEND ||
                   _PyOpcode_Deopt[frame->instr_ptr->op.code] == FOR_ITER ||
                   _PyOpcode_Deopt[frame->instr_ptr->op.code] == INTERPRETER_EXIT ||
                   _PyOpcode_Deopt[frame->instr_ptr->op.code] == ENTER_EXECUTOR);
            #endif
            LOAD_IP(1 + INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_SEND);
            LOAD_SP();
            value = retval;
            LLTRACE_RESUME_FRAME();
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _POP_EXCEPT: {
            _PyStackRef exc_value;
            exc_value = stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
            Py_XSETREF(exc_info->exc_value,
                       PyStackRef_Is(exc_value, PyStackRef_None)
                       ? NULL : PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(exc_value));
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            // Keep in sync with _common_constants in opcode.py
            switch(oparg) {
                case CONSTANT_ASSERTIONERROR:
                value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectImmortal(PyExc_AssertionError);
                break;
                case CONSTANT_NOTIMPLEMENTEDERROR:
                value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectImmortal(PyExc_NotImplementedError);
                break;
                default:
                Py_FatalError("bad LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT oparg");
            }
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_BUILD_CLASS: {
            _PyStackRef bc;
            PyObject *bc_o;
            if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(BUILTINS(), &_Py_ID(__build_class__), &bc_o) < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            if (bc_o == NULL) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                 "__build_class__ not found");
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            bc = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(bc_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = bc;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_NAME: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            v = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            PyObject *ns = LOCALS();
            int err;
            if (ns == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals found when storing %R", name);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            if (PyDict_CheckExact(ns))
            err = PyDict_SetItem(ns, name, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
            else
            err = PyObject_SetItem(ns, name, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DELETE_NAME: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            PyObject *ns = LOCALS();
            int err;
            if (ns == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals when deleting %R", name);
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            err = PyObject_DelItem(ns, name);
            // Can't use ERROR_IF here.
            if (err != 0) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                    NAME_ERROR_MSG,
                    name);
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _UNPACK_SEQUENCE: {
            _PyStackRef seq;
            _PyStackRef *output;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            seq = stack_pointer[-1];
            output = &stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyStackRef *top = output + oparg;
            int res = _PyEval_UnpackIterableStackRef(tstate, seq, oparg, -1, top);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(seq);
            if (res == 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1 + oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _UNPACK_SEQUENCE_TWO_TUPLE: {
            _PyStackRef seq;
            _PyStackRef val1;
            _PyStackRef val0;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            seq = stack_pointer[-1];
            assert(oparg == 2);
            PyObject *seq_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(seq);
            if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(seq_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(seq_o) != 2) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(UNPACK_SEQUENCE, hit);
            val0 = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(seq_o, 0));
            stack_pointer[0] = val0;
            val1 = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(seq_o, 1));
            stack_pointer[-1] = val1;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(seq);
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _UNPACK_SEQUENCE_TUPLE: {
            _PyStackRef seq;
            _PyStackRef *values;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            seq = stack_pointer[-1];
            values = &stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *seq_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(seq);
            if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(seq_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(seq_o) != oparg) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(UNPACK_SEQUENCE, hit);
            PyObject **items = _PyTuple_ITEMS(seq_o);
            for (int i = oparg; --i >= 0; ) {
                *values++ = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(items[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(seq);
            stack_pointer += -1 + oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _UNPACK_SEQUENCE_LIST: {
            _PyStackRef seq;
            _PyStackRef *values;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            seq = stack_pointer[-1];
            values = &stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *seq_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(seq);
            if (!PyList_CheckExact(seq_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (PyList_GET_SIZE(seq_o) != oparg) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(UNPACK_SEQUENCE, hit);
            PyObject **items = _PyList_ITEMS(seq_o);
            for (int i = oparg; --i >= 0; ) {
                *values++ = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(items[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(seq);
            stack_pointer += -1 + oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _UNPACK_EX: {
            _PyStackRef seq;
            _PyStackRef *right;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            seq = stack_pointer[-1];
            right = &stack_pointer[(oparg & 0xFF)];
            _PyStackRef *top = right + (oparg >> 8);
            int res = _PyEval_UnpackIterableStackRef(tstate, seq, oparg & 0xFF, oparg >> 8, top);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(seq);
            if (res == 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += (oparg & 0xFF) + (oparg >> 8);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_ATTR: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef v;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            v = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            int err = PyObject_SetAttr(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner),
                                       name, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DELETE_ATTR: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            int err = PyObject_DelAttr(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner), name);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_GLOBAL: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            v = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            int err = PyDict_SetItem(GLOBALS(), name, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(v);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DELETE_GLOBAL: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            int err = PyDict_Pop(GLOBALS(), name, NULL);
            // Can't use ERROR_IF here.
            if (err < 0) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            if (err == 0) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                    NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_LOCALS: {
            _PyStackRef locals;
            PyObject *l = LOCALS();
            if (l == NULL) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                                 "no locals found");
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            locals = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(l);
            stack_pointer[0] = locals;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it has both popping and not-popping errors */

        case _LOAD_NAME: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            PyObject *v_o = _PyEval_LoadName(tstate, frame, name);
            if (v_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            v = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(v_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = v;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_GLOBAL: {
            _PyStackRef res;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg>>1);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyEval_LoadGlobal(GLOBALS(), BUILTINS(), name);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            if (oparg & 1) stack_pointer[1] = null;
            stack_pointer += 1 + (oparg & 1);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_GLOBALS_VERSION: {
            uint16_t version = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyDictObject *dict = (PyDictObject *)GLOBALS();
            if (!PyDict_CheckExact(dict)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (dict->ma_keys->dk_version != version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(DK_IS_UNICODE(dict->ma_keys));
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_BUILTINS_VERSION: {
            uint16_t version = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyDictObject *dict = (PyDictObject *)BUILTINS();
            if (!PyDict_CheckExact(dict)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (dict->ma_keys->dk_version != version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(DK_IS_UNICODE(dict->ma_keys));
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_GLOBAL_MODULE: {
            _PyStackRef res;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyDictObject *dict = (PyDictObject *)GLOBALS();
            PyDictUnicodeEntry *entries = DK_UNICODE_ENTRIES(dict->ma_keys);
            PyObject *res_o = entries[index].me_value;
            if (res_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            Py_INCREF(res_o);
            STAT_INC(LOAD_GLOBAL, hit);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            if (oparg & 1) stack_pointer[1] = null;
            stack_pointer += 1 + (oparg & 1);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_GLOBAL_BUILTINS: {
            _PyStackRef res;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyDictObject *bdict = (PyDictObject *)BUILTINS();
            PyDictUnicodeEntry *entries = DK_UNICODE_ENTRIES(bdict->ma_keys);
            PyObject *res_o = entries[index].me_value;
            if (res_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            Py_INCREF(res_o);
            STAT_INC(LOAD_GLOBAL, hit);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            if (oparg & 1) stack_pointer[1] = null;
            stack_pointer += 1 + (oparg & 1);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DELETE_FAST: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            _PyStackRef v = GETLOCAL(oparg);
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(v)) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
                    UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG,
                    PyTuple_GetItem(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_localsplusnames, oparg)
                );
                if (1) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            SETLOCAL(oparg, PyStackRef_NULL);
            break;
        }

        case _MAKE_CELL: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            // "initial" is probably NULL but not if it's an arg (or set
            // via the f_locals proxy before MAKE_CELL has run).
            PyObject *initial = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            PyObject *cell = PyCell_New(initial);
            if (cell == NULL) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            SETLOCAL(oparg, PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(cell));
            break;
        }

        case _DELETE_DEREF: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            PyObject *cell = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            // Can't use ERROR_IF here.
            // Fortunately we don't need its superpower.
            PyObject *oldobj = PyCell_SwapTakeRef((PyCellObject *)cell, NULL);
            if (oldobj == NULL) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcUnbound(tstate, _PyFrame_GetCode(frame), oparg);
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            Py_DECREF(oldobj);
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF: {
            _PyStackRef class_dict_st;
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            class_dict_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o;
            PyObject *name;
            PyObject *class_dict = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(class_dict_st);
            assert(class_dict);
            assert(oparg >= 0 && oparg < _PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_nlocalsplus);
            name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_localsplusnames, oparg);
            int err = PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(class_dict, name, &value_o);
            if (err < 0) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            if (!value_o) {
                PyCellObject *cell = (PyCellObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(GETLOCAL(oparg));
                value_o = PyCell_GetRef(cell);
                if (value_o == NULL) {
                    _PyEval_FormatExcUnbound(tstate, _PyFrame_GetCode(frame), oparg);
                    JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                }
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(class_dict_st);
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(value_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = value;
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_DEREF: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            PyCellObject *cell = (PyCellObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            PyObject *value_o = PyCell_GetRef(cell);
            if (value_o == NULL) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcUnbound(tstate, _PyFrame_GetCode(frame), oparg);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(value_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_DEREF: {
            _PyStackRef v;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            v = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyCellObject *cell = (PyCellObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(GETLOCAL(oparg));
            PyCell_SetTakeRef(cell, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(v));
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _COPY_FREE_VARS: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            /* Copy closure variables to free variables */
            PyCodeObject *co = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
            assert(PyFunction_Check(frame->f_funcobj));
            PyObject *closure = ((PyFunctionObject *)frame->f_funcobj)->func_closure;
            assert(oparg == co->co_nfreevars);
            int offset = co->co_nlocalsplus - oparg;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; ++i) {
                PyObject *o = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(closure, i);
                frame->localsplus[offset + i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(o);
            }
            break;
        }

        case _BUILD_STRING: {
            _PyStackRef *pieces;
            _PyStackRef str;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            pieces = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(pieces, oparg, pieces_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(pieces_o)) {
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(pieces[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *str_o = _PyUnicode_JoinArray(&_Py_STR(empty), pieces_o, oparg);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(pieces_o);
            for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(pieces[_i]);
            }
            if (str_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            str = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(str_o);
            stack_pointer[-oparg] = str;
            stack_pointer += 1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BUILD_TUPLE: {
            _PyStackRef *values;
            _PyStackRef tup;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            values = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            PyObject *tup_o = _PyTuple_FromStackRefSteal(values, oparg);
            if (tup_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            tup = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(tup_o);
            stack_pointer[-oparg] = tup;
            stack_pointer += 1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BUILD_LIST: {
            _PyStackRef *values;
            _PyStackRef list;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            values = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(values, oparg, values_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(values_o)) {
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(values[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *list_o = _PyList_FromArraySteal(values_o, oparg);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(values_o);
            if (list_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            list = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(list_o);
            stack_pointer[-oparg] = list;
            stack_pointer += 1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LIST_EXTEND: {
            _PyStackRef iterable_st;
            _PyStackRef list_st;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            iterable_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            list_st = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg-1)];
            PyObject *list = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(list_st);
            PyObject *iterable = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iterable_st);
            PyObject *none_val = _PyList_Extend((PyListObject *)list, iterable);
            if (none_val == NULL) {
                int matches = _PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_TypeError);
                if (matches &&
                    (Py_TYPE(iterable)->tp_iter == NULL && !PySequence_Check(iterable)))
                {
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                  "Value after * must be an iterable, not %.200s",
                                  Py_TYPE(iterable)->tp_name);
                }
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable_st);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            assert(Py_IsNone(none_val));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable_st);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _SET_UPDATE: {
            _PyStackRef iterable;
            _PyStackRef set;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            iterable = stack_pointer[-1];
            set = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg-1)];
            int err = _PySet_Update(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(set),
                                    PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iterable));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable);
            if (err < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BUILD_SET: {
            _PyStackRef *values;
            _PyStackRef set;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            values = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            PyObject *set_o = PySet_New(NULL);
            if (set_o == NULL) {
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(values[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            int err = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                PyObject *item = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(values[i]);
                if (err == 0) {
                    err = PySet_Add(set_o, item);
                }
                Py_DECREF(item);
            }
            if (err != 0) {
                Py_DECREF(set_o);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            set = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(set_o);
            stack_pointer[-oparg] = set;
            stack_pointer += 1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BUILD_MAP: {
            _PyStackRef *values;
            _PyStackRef map;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            values = &stack_pointer[-oparg*2];
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(values, oparg*2, values_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(values_o)) {
                for (int _i = oparg*2; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(values[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *map_o = _PyDict_FromItems(
                values_o, 2,
                values_o+1, 2,
                oparg);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(values_o);
            for (int _i = oparg*2; --_i >= 0;) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(values[_i]);
            }
            if (map_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            map = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(map_o);
            stack_pointer[-oparg*2] = map;
            stack_pointer += 1 - oparg*2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _SETUP_ANNOTATIONS: {
            int err;
            PyObject *ann_dict;
            if (LOCALS() == NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                              "no locals found when setting up annotations");
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            /* check if __annotations__ in locals()... */
            if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(LOCALS(), &_Py_ID(__annotations__), &ann_dict) < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            if (ann_dict == NULL) {
                ann_dict = PyDict_New();
                if (ann_dict == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                err = PyObject_SetItem(LOCALS(), &_Py_ID(__annotations__),
                                       ann_dict);
                Py_DECREF(ann_dict);
                if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            else {
                Py_DECREF(ann_dict);
            }
            break;
        }

        case _DICT_UPDATE: {
            _PyStackRef update;
            _PyStackRef dict;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            update = stack_pointer[-1];
            dict = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg - 1)];
            PyObject *dict_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(dict);
            PyObject *update_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(update);
            int err = PyDict_Update(dict_o, update_o);
            if (err < 0) {
                int matches = _PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_AttributeError);
                if (matches) {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                  "'%.200s' object is not a mapping",
                                  Py_TYPE(update_o)->tp_name);
                }
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(update);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(update);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DICT_MERGE: {
            _PyStackRef update;
            _PyStackRef dict;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            update = stack_pointer[-1];
            dict = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg - 1)];
            callable = stack_pointer[-5 - (oparg - 1)];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *dict_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(dict);
            PyObject *update_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(update);
            int err = _PyDict_MergeEx(dict_o, update_o, 2);
            if (err < 0) {
                _PyEval_FormatKwargsError(tstate, callable_o, update_o);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(update);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(update);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _MAP_ADD: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef key;
            _PyStackRef dict_st;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            key = stack_pointer[-2];
            dict_st = stack_pointer[-3 - (oparg - 1)];
            PyObject *dict = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(dict_st);
            assert(PyDict_CheckExact(dict));
            /* dict[key] = value */
            // Do not DECREF INPUTS because the function steals the references
            int err = _PyDict_SetItem_Take2(
                (PyDictObject *)dict,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(key),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(value)
            );
            if (err != 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_LOAD_SUPER_ATTR is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        case _LOAD_SUPER_ATTR_ATTR: {
            _PyStackRef self_st;
            _PyStackRef class_st;
            _PyStackRef global_super_st;
            _PyStackRef attr_st;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            self_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            class_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            global_super_st = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *global_super = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(global_super_st);
            PyObject *class = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(class_st);
            PyObject *self = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_st);
            assert(!(oparg & 1));
            if (global_super != (PyObject *)&PySuper_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyType_Check(class)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_SUPER_ATTR, hit);
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg >> 2);
            PyObject *attr = _PySuper_Lookup((PyTypeObject *)class, self, name, NULL);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(global_super_st);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(class_st);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_st);
            if (attr == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            attr_st = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr);
            stack_pointer[-3] = attr_st;
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_SUPER_ATTR_METHOD: {
            _PyStackRef self_st;
            _PyStackRef class_st;
            _PyStackRef global_super_st;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            self_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            class_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            global_super_st = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *global_super = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(global_super_st);
            PyObject *class = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(class_st);
            PyObject *self = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_st);
            assert(oparg & 1);
            if (global_super != (PyObject *)&PySuper_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyType_Check(class)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_SUPER_ATTR, hit);
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg >> 2);
            PyTypeObject *cls = (PyTypeObject *)class;
            int method_found = 0;
            PyObject *attr_o = _PySuper_Lookup(cls, self, name,
                Py_TYPE(self)->tp_getattro == PyObject_GenericGetAttr ? &method_found : NULL);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(global_super_st);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(class_st);
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_st);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            if (method_found) {
                self_or_null = self_st; // transfer ownership
            } else {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_st);
                self_or_null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            }
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr_o);
            stack_pointer[-3] = attr;
            stack_pointer[-2] = self_or_null;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg >> 1);
            PyObject *attr_o;
            if (oparg & 1) {
                /* Designed to work in tandem with CALL, pushes two values. */
                attr_o = NULL;
                int is_meth = _PyObject_GetMethod(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner), name, &attr_o);
                if (is_meth) {
                    /* We can bypass temporary bound method object.
                       meth is unbound method and obj is self.
                       meth | self | arg1 | ... | argN
                     */
                    assert(attr_o != NULL);  // No errors on this branch
                    self_or_null = owner;  // Transfer ownership
                }
                else {
                    /* meth is not an unbound method (but a regular attr, or
                       something was returned by a descriptor protocol).  Set
                       the second element of the stack to NULL, to signal
                       CALL that it's not a method call.
                       meth | NULL | arg1 | ... | argN
                     */
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
                    if (attr_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                    self_or_null = PyStackRef_NULL;
                }
            }
            else {
                /* Classic, pushes one value. */
                attr_o = PyObject_GetAttr(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner), name);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
                if (attr_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            if (oparg & 1) stack_pointer[0] = self_or_null;
            stack_pointer += (oparg & 1);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_TYPE_VERSION: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint32_t type_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner));
            assert(type_version != 0);
            if (tp->tp_version_tag != type_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_MANAGED_OBJECT_HAS_VALUES: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_dictoffset < 0);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_INLINE_VALUES);
            if (!_PyObject_InlineValues(owner_o)->valid) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_INSTANCE_VALUE_0: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            (void)null;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            PyObject *attr_o = _PyObject_InlineValues(owner_o)->values[index];
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            Py_INCREF(attr_o);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_INSTANCE_VALUE_1: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            (void)null;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            PyObject *attr_o = _PyObject_InlineValues(owner_o)->values[index];
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            Py_INCREF(attr_o);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            stack_pointer[0] = null;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _LOAD_ATTR_INSTANCE_VALUE is split on (oparg & 1) */

        case _CHECK_ATTR_MODULE: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint32_t dict_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            if (!PyModule_CheckExact(owner_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyDictObject *dict = (PyDictObject *)((PyModuleObject *)owner_o)->md_dict;
            assert(dict != NULL);
            if (dict->ma_keys->dk_version != dict_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_MODULE: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            PyDictObject *dict = (PyDictObject *)((PyModuleObject *)owner_o)->md_dict;
            assert(dict->ma_keys->dk_kind == DICT_KEYS_UNICODE);
            assert(index < dict->ma_keys->dk_nentries);
            PyDictUnicodeEntry *ep = DK_UNICODE_ENTRIES(dict->ma_keys) + index;
            PyObject *attr_o = ep->me_value;
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            Py_INCREF(attr_o);
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr_o);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            if (oparg & 1) stack_pointer[0] = null;
            stack_pointer += (oparg & 1);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_ATTR_WITH_HINT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT);
            PyDictObject *dict = _PyObject_GetManagedDict(owner_o);
            if (dict == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(PyDict_CheckExact((PyObject *)dict));
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_WITH_HINT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t hint = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            PyObject *attr_o;
            PyDictObject *dict = _PyObject_GetManagedDict(owner_o);
            if (hint >= (size_t)dict->ma_keys->dk_nentries) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg>>1);
            if (!DK_IS_UNICODE(dict->ma_keys)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyDictUnicodeEntry *ep = DK_UNICODE_ENTRIES(dict->ma_keys) + hint;
            if (ep->me_key != name) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            attr_o = ep->me_value;
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            Py_INCREF(attr_o);
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attr_o);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            if (oparg & 1) stack_pointer[0] = null;
            stack_pointer += (oparg & 1);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_SLOT_0: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            (void)null;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            char *addr = (char *)owner_o + index;
            PyObject *attr_o = *(PyObject **)addr;
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(attr_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_SLOT_1: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            (void)null;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            char *addr = (char *)owner_o + index;
            PyObject *attr_o = *(PyObject **)addr;
            if (attr_o == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(attr_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer[0] = null;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _LOAD_ATTR_SLOT is split on (oparg & 1) */

        case _CHECK_ATTR_CLASS: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint32_t type_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            if (!PyType_Check(owner_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(type_version != 0);
            if (((PyTypeObject *)owner_o)->tp_version_tag != type_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_CLASS_0: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            (void)null;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_CLASS_1: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            (void)null;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer[0] = null;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _LOAD_ATTR_CLASS is split on (oparg & 1) */

        case _LOAD_ATTR_PROPERTY_FRAME: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *fget = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert((oparg & 1) == 0);
            assert(Py_IS_TYPE(fget, &PyFunction_Type));
            PyFunctionObject *f = (PyFunctionObject *)fget;
            PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)f->func_code;
            if ((code->co_flags & (CO_VARKEYWORDS | CO_VARARGS | CO_OPTIMIZED)) != CO_OPTIMIZED) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (code->co_kwonlyargcount) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (code->co_argcount != 1) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!_PyThreadState_HasStackSpace(tstate, code->co_framesize)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            Py_INCREF(fget);
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, f, 1);
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = owner;
            stack_pointer[-1].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            break;
        }

        /* _LOAD_ATTR_GETATTRIBUTE_OVERRIDDEN is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        case _GUARD_DORV_NO_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_dictoffset < 0);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_INLINE_VALUES);
            if (_PyObject_GetManagedDict(owner_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (_PyObject_InlineValues(owner_o)->valid == 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_ATTR_INSTANCE_VALUE: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef value;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            value = stack_pointer[-2];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            STAT_INC(STORE_ATTR, hit);
            assert(_PyObject_GetManagedDict(owner_o) == NULL);
            PyDictValues *values = _PyObject_InlineValues(owner_o);
            PyObject *old_value = values->values[index];
            values->values[index] = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(value);
            if (old_value == NULL) {
                _PyDictValues_AddToInsertionOrder(values, index);
            }
            else {
                Py_DECREF(old_value);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_ATTR_WITH_HINT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef value;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            value = stack_pointer[-2];
            uint16_t hint = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT);
            PyDictObject *dict = _PyObject_GetManagedDict(owner_o);
            if (dict == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(PyDict_CheckExact((PyObject *)dict));
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            if (hint >= (size_t)dict->ma_keys->dk_nentries) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyObject *old_value;
            uint64_t new_version;
            if (!DK_IS_UNICODE(dict->ma_keys)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyDictUnicodeEntry *ep = DK_UNICODE_ENTRIES(dict->ma_keys) + hint;
            if (ep->me_key != name) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            old_value = ep->me_value;
            PyDict_WatchEvent event = old_value == NULL ? PyDict_EVENT_ADDED : PyDict_EVENT_MODIFIED;
            new_version = _PyDict_NotifyEvent(tstate->interp, event, dict, name, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value));
            ep->me_value = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(value);
            Py_XDECREF(old_value);
            STAT_INC(STORE_ATTR, hit);
            /* Ensure dict is GC tracked if it needs to be */
            if (!_PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(dict) && _PyObject_GC_MAY_BE_TRACKED(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value))) {
                _PyObject_GC_TRACK(dict);
            }
            /* PEP 509 */
            dict->ma_version_tag = new_version;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _STORE_ATTR_SLOT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef value;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            value = stack_pointer[-2];
            uint16_t index = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            char *addr = (char *)owner_o + index;
            STAT_INC(STORE_ATTR, hit);
            PyObject *old_value = *(PyObject **)addr;
            *(PyObject **)addr = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(value);
            Py_XDECREF(old_value);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _COMPARE_OP: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            assert((oparg >> 5) <= Py_GE);
            PyObject *res_o = PyObject_RichCompare(left_o, right_o, oparg >> 5);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            if (oparg & 16) {
                int res_bool = PyObject_IsTrue(res_o);
                Py_DECREF(res_o);
                if (res_bool < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                res = res_bool ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            }
            else {
                res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            }
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _COMPARE_OP_FLOAT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(COMPARE_OP, hit);
            double dleft = PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(left_o);
            double dright = PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(right_o);
            // 1 if NaN, 2 if <, 4 if >, 8 if ==; this matches low four bits of the oparg
            int sign_ish = COMPARISON_BIT(dleft, dright);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, _PyFloat_ExactDealloc);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, _PyFloat_ExactDealloc);
            res = (sign_ish & oparg) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            // It's always a bool, so we don't care about oparg & 16.
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _COMPARE_OP_INT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            if (!_PyLong_IsCompact((PyLongObject *)left_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!_PyLong_IsCompact((PyLongObject *)right_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(COMPARE_OP, hit);
            assert(_PyLong_DigitCount((PyLongObject *)left_o) <= 1 &&
                   _PyLong_DigitCount((PyLongObject *)right_o) <= 1);
            Py_ssize_t ileft = _PyLong_CompactValue((PyLongObject *)left_o);
            Py_ssize_t iright = _PyLong_CompactValue((PyLongObject *)right_o);
            // 2 if <, 4 if >, 8 if ==; this matches the low 4 bits of the oparg
            int sign_ish = COMPARISON_BIT(ileft, iright);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, (destructor)PyObject_Free);
            res =  (sign_ish & oparg) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            // It's always a bool, so we don't care about oparg & 16.
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _COMPARE_OP_STR: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            STAT_INC(COMPARE_OP, hit);
            int eq = _PyUnicode_Equal(left_o, right_o);
            assert((oparg >> 5) == Py_EQ || (oparg >> 5) == Py_NE);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(left_o, _PyUnicode_ExactDealloc);
            _Py_DECREF_SPECIALIZED(right_o, _PyUnicode_ExactDealloc);
            assert(eq == 0 || eq == 1);
            assert((oparg & 0xf) == COMPARISON_NOT_EQUALS || (oparg & 0xf) == COMPARISON_EQUALS);
            assert(COMPARISON_NOT_EQUALS + 1 == COMPARISON_EQUALS);
            res = ((COMPARISON_NOT_EQUALS + eq) & oparg) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            // It's always a bool, so we don't care about oparg & 16.
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _IS_OP: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef b;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
            // On free-threaded builds, objects are conditionally immortalized.
            // So their bits don't always compare equally.
            int res = Py_Is(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right)) ^ oparg;
            #else
            int res = PyStackRef_Is(left, right) ^ oparg;
            #endif
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
            b = res ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-2] = b;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CONTAINS_OP: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef b;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            int res = PySequence_Contains(right_o, left_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
            if (res < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            b = (res ^ oparg) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-2] = b;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CONTAINS_OP_SET: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef b;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            if (!(PySet_CheckExact(right_o) || PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(right_o))) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CONTAINS_OP, hit);
            // Note: both set and frozenset use the same seq_contains method!
            int res = _PySet_Contains((PySetObject *)right_o, left_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
            if (res < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            b = (res ^ oparg) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-2] = b;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CONTAINS_OP_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef b;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            if (!PyDict_CheckExact(right_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CONTAINS_OP, hit);
            int res = PyDict_Contains(right_o, left_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(left);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
            if (res < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            b = (res ^ oparg) ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-2] = b;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_EG_MATCH: {
            _PyStackRef match_type_st;
            _PyStackRef exc_value_st;
            _PyStackRef rest;
            _PyStackRef match;
            match_type_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            exc_value_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *exc_value = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(exc_value_st);
            PyObject *match_type = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(match_type_st);
            int err = _PyEval_CheckExceptStarTypeValid(tstate, match_type);
            if (err < 0) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(exc_value_st);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(match_type_st);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *match_o = NULL;
            PyObject *rest_o = NULL;
            int res = _PyEval_ExceptionGroupMatch(exc_value, match_type,
                &match_o, &rest_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(exc_value_st);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(match_type_st);
            if (res < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            assert((match_o == NULL) == (rest_o == NULL));
            if (match_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            if (!Py_IsNone(match_o)) {
                PyErr_SetHandledException(match_o);
            }
            rest = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(rest_o);
            match = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(match_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = rest;
            stack_pointer[-1] = match;
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_EXC_MATCH: {
            _PyStackRef right;
            _PyStackRef left;
            _PyStackRef b;
            right = stack_pointer[-1];
            left = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *left_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(left);
            PyObject *right_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(right);
            assert(PyExceptionInstance_Check(left_o));
            int err = _PyEval_CheckExceptTypeValid(tstate, right_o);
            if (err < 0) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            int res = PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(left_o, right_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(right);
            b = res ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[-1] = b;
            break;
        }

        case _IMPORT_NAME: {
            _PyStackRef fromlist;
            _PyStackRef level;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            fromlist = stack_pointer[-1];
            level = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyEval_ImportName(tstate, frame, name,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(fromlist),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(level));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(level);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(fromlist);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _IMPORT_FROM: {
            _PyStackRef from;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            from = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyEval_ImportFrom(tstate, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(from), name);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is replaced */

        /* _POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is replaced */

        case _IS_NONE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef b;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            if (PyStackRef_Is(value, PyStackRef_None)) {
                b = PyStackRef_True;
            }
            else {
                b = PyStackRef_False;
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            }
            stack_pointer[-1] = b;
            break;
        }

        case _GET_LEN: {
            _PyStackRef obj;
            _PyStackRef len;
            obj = stack_pointer[-1];
            // PUSH(len(TOS))
            Py_ssize_t len_i = PyObject_Length(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(obj));
            if (len_i < 0) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            PyObject *len_o = PyLong_FromSsize_t(len_i);
            if (len_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            len = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(len_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = len;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _MATCH_CLASS: {
            _PyStackRef names;
            _PyStackRef type;
            _PyStackRef subject;
            _PyStackRef attrs;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            names = stack_pointer[-1];
            type = stack_pointer[-2];
            subject = stack_pointer[-3];
            // Pop TOS and TOS1. Set TOS to a tuple of attributes on success, or
            // None on failure.
            assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(names)));
            PyObject *attrs_o = _PyEval_MatchClass(tstate,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(subject),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(type), oparg,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(names));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(subject);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(type);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(names);
            if (attrs_o) {
                assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(attrs_o));  // Success!
                attrs = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(attrs_o);
            }
            else {
                if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                // Error!
                attrs = PyStackRef_None;  // Failure!
            }
            stack_pointer[-3] = attrs;
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _MATCH_MAPPING: {
            _PyStackRef subject;
            _PyStackRef res;
            subject = stack_pointer[-1];
            int match = PyStackRef_TYPE(subject)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING;
            res = match ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _MATCH_SEQUENCE: {
            _PyStackRef subject;
            _PyStackRef res;
            subject = stack_pointer[-1];
            int match = PyStackRef_TYPE(subject)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE;
            res = match ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _MATCH_KEYS: {
            _PyStackRef keys;
            _PyStackRef subject;
            _PyStackRef values_or_none;
            keys = stack_pointer[-1];
            subject = stack_pointer[-2];
            // On successful match, PUSH(values). Otherwise, PUSH(None).
            PyObject *values_or_none_o = _PyEval_MatchKeys(tstate,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(subject), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(keys));
            if (values_or_none_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            values_or_none = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(values_or_none_o);
            stack_pointer[0] = values_or_none;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GET_ITER: {
            _PyStackRef iterable;
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iterable = stack_pointer[-1];
            /* before: [obj]; after [getiter(obj)] */
            iter = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyObject_GetIter(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iterable)));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable);
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(iter)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer[-1] = iter;
            break;
        }

        case _GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER: {
            _PyStackRef iterable;
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iterable = stack_pointer[-1];
            /* before: [obj]; after [getiter(obj)] */
            PyObject *iterable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iterable);
            if (PyCoro_CheckExact(iterable_o)) {
                /* `iterable` is a coroutine */
                if (!(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_flags & (CO_COROUTINE | CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE))) {
                    /* and it is used in a 'yield from' expression of a
                       regular generator. */
                    _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                     "cannot 'yield from' a coroutine object "
                                     "in a non-coroutine generator");
                    JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                }
                iter = iterable;
            }
            else if (PyGen_CheckExact(iterable_o)) {
                iter = iterable;
            }
            else {
                /* `iterable` is not a generator. */
                iter = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyObject_GetIter(iterable_o));
                if (PyStackRef_IsNull(iter)) {
                    JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                }
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable);
            }
            stack_pointer[-1] = iter;
            break;
        }

        /* _FOR_ITER is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is replaced */

        case _FOR_ITER_TIER_TWO: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            _PyStackRef next;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            /* before: [iter]; after: [iter, iter()] *or* [] (and jump over END_FOR.) */
            PyObject *iter_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            PyObject *next_o = (*Py_TYPE(iter_o)->tp_iternext)(iter_o);
            if (next_o == NULL) {
                if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                    int matches = _PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_StopIteration);
                    if (!matches) {
                        JUMP_TO_ERROR();
                    }
                    _PyEval_MonitorRaise(tstate, frame, frame->instr_ptr);
                    _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
                }
                /* iterator ended normally */
                /* The translator sets the deopt target just past the matching END_FOR */
                if (true) {
                    UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                    JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
                }
            }
            next = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(next_o);
            // Common case: no jump, leave it to the code generator
            stack_pointer[0] = next;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_FOR_ITER is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        case _ITER_CHECK_LIST: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            if (Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter)) != &PyListIter_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        /* _ITER_JUMP_LIST is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is replaced */

        case _GUARD_NOT_EXHAUSTED_LIST: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *iter_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            _PyListIterObject *it = (_PyListIterObject *)iter_o;
            assert(Py_TYPE(iter_o) == &PyListIter_Type);
            PyListObject *seq = it->it_seq;
            if (seq == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if ((size_t)it->it_index >= (size_t)PyList_GET_SIZE(seq)) {
                it->it_index = -1;
                if (1) {
                    UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                    JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        case _ITER_NEXT_LIST: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            _PyStackRef next;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *iter_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            _PyListIterObject *it = (_PyListIterObject *)iter_o;
            assert(Py_TYPE(iter_o) == &PyListIter_Type);
            PyListObject *seq = it->it_seq;
            assert(seq);
            assert(it->it_index < PyList_GET_SIZE(seq));
            next = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(PyList_GET_ITEM(seq, it->it_index++));
            stack_pointer[0] = next;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _ITER_CHECK_TUPLE: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            if (Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter)) != &PyTupleIter_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        /* _ITER_JUMP_TUPLE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is replaced */

        case _GUARD_NOT_EXHAUSTED_TUPLE: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *iter_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            _PyTupleIterObject *it = (_PyTupleIterObject *)iter_o;
            assert(Py_TYPE(iter_o) == &PyTupleIter_Type);
            PyTupleObject *seq = it->it_seq;
            if (seq == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (it->it_index >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(seq)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _ITER_NEXT_TUPLE: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            _PyStackRef next;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *iter_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            _PyTupleIterObject *it = (_PyTupleIterObject *)iter_o;
            assert(Py_TYPE(iter_o) == &PyTupleIter_Type);
            PyTupleObject *seq = it->it_seq;
            assert(seq);
            assert(it->it_index < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(seq));
            next = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(seq, it->it_index++));
            stack_pointer[0] = next;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _ITER_CHECK_RANGE: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyRangeIterObject *r = (_PyRangeIterObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            if (Py_TYPE(r) != &PyRangeIter_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        /* _ITER_JUMP_RANGE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is replaced */

        case _GUARD_NOT_EXHAUSTED_RANGE: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyRangeIterObject *r = (_PyRangeIterObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            assert(Py_TYPE(r) == &PyRangeIter_Type);
            if (r->len <= 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _ITER_NEXT_RANGE: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            _PyStackRef next;
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyRangeIterObject *r = (_PyRangeIterObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            assert(Py_TYPE(r) == &PyRangeIter_Type);
            assert(r->len > 0);
            long value = r->start;
            r->start = value + r->step;
            r->len--;
            PyObject *res = PyLong_FromLong(value);
            if (res == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            next = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res);
            stack_pointer[0] = next;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _FOR_ITER_GEN_FRAME: {
            _PyStackRef iter;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *gen_frame;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            iter = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyGenObject *gen = (PyGenObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
            if (Py_TYPE(gen) != &PyGen_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (gen->gi_frame_state >= FRAME_EXECUTING) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(FOR_ITER, hit);
            gen_frame = &gen->gi_iframe;
            _PyFrame_StackPush(gen_frame, PyStackRef_None);
            gen->gi_frame_state = FRAME_EXECUTING;
            gen->gi_exc_state.previous_item = tstate->exc_info;
            tstate->exc_info = &gen->gi_exc_state;
            // oparg is the return offset from the next instruction.
            frame->return_offset = (uint16_t)(1 + INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_FOR_ITER + oparg);
            stack_pointer[0].bits = (uintptr_t)gen_frame;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_SPECIAL: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            assert(oparg <= SPECIAL_MAX);
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(owner);
            PyObject *name = _Py_SpecialMethods[oparg].name;
            PyObject *self_or_null_o;
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(_PyObject_LookupSpecialMethod(owner_o, name, &self_or_null_o));
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(attr)) {
                if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                  _Py_SpecialMethods[oparg].error,
                                  Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_name);
                }
            }
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(attr)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            self_or_null = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(self_or_null_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            stack_pointer[0] = self_or_null;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _WITH_EXCEPT_START: {
            _PyStackRef val;
            _PyStackRef lasti;
            _PyStackRef exit_self;
            _PyStackRef exit_func;
            _PyStackRef res;
            val = stack_pointer[-1];
            lasti = stack_pointer[-3];
            exit_self = stack_pointer[-4];
            exit_func = stack_pointer[-5];
            /* At the top of the stack are 4 values:
               - val: TOP = exc_info()
               - unused: SECOND = previous exception
               - lasti: THIRD = lasti of exception in exc_info()
               - exit_self: FOURTH = the context or NULL
               - exit_func: FIFTH = the context.__exit__ function or context.__exit__ bound method
               We call FOURTH(type(TOP), TOP, GetTraceback(TOP)).
               Then we push the __exit__ return value.
             */
            PyObject *exc, *tb;
            PyObject *val_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(val);
            PyObject *exit_func_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(exit_func);
            assert(val_o && PyExceptionInstance_Check(val_o));
            exc = PyExceptionInstance_Class(val_o);
            tb = PyException_GetTraceback(val_o);
            if (tb == NULL) {
                tb = Py_None;
            }
            else {
                Py_DECREF(tb);
            }
            assert(PyStackRef_LongCheck(lasti));
            (void)lasti; // Shut up compiler warning if asserts are off
            PyObject *stack[5] = {NULL, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(exit_self), exc, val_o, tb};
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(exit_self);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyObject_Vectorcall(exit_func_o, stack + 2 - has_self,
                    (3 + has_self) | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL));
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(res)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _PUSH_EXC_INFO: {
            _PyStackRef new_exc;
            _PyStackRef prev_exc;
            new_exc = stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyErr_StackItem *exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
            if (exc_info->exc_value != NULL) {
                prev_exc = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(exc_info->exc_value);
            }
            else {
                prev_exc = PyStackRef_None;
            }
            assert(PyStackRef_ExceptionInstanceCheck(new_exc));
            exc_info->exc_value = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectNew(new_exc);
            stack_pointer[-1] = prev_exc;
            stack_pointer[0] = new_exc;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_DORV_VALUES_INST_ATTR_FROM_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *owner_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner);
            assert(Py_TYPE(owner_o)->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_INLINE_VALUES);
            if (!_PyObject_InlineValues(owner_o)->valid) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_KEYS_VERSION: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint32_t keys_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyTypeObject *owner_cls = Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner));
            PyHeapTypeObject *owner_heap_type = (PyHeapTypeObject *)owner_cls;
            if (owner_heap_type->ht_cached_keys->dk_version != keys_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_METHOD_WITH_VALUES: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef self = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert(oparg & 1);
            /* Cached method object */
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            assert(_PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR));
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            self = owner;
            stack_pointer[0] = self;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_METHOD_NO_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef self = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert(oparg & 1);
            assert(Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner))->tp_dictoffset == 0);
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            assert(_PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR));
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            self = owner;
            stack_pointer[0] = self;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_NONDESCRIPTOR_WITH_VALUES: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert((oparg & 1) == 0);
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_NONDESCRIPTOR_NO_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert((oparg & 1) == 0);
            assert(Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner))->tp_dictoffset == 0);
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(owner);
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_ATTR_METHOD_LAZY_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            uint16_t dictoffset = (uint16_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            char *ptr = ((char *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(owner)) + MANAGED_DICT_OFFSET + dictoffset;
            PyObject *dict = *(PyObject **)ptr;
            /* This object has a __dict__, just not yet created */
            if (dict != NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_ATTR_METHOD_LAZY_DICT: {
            _PyStackRef owner;
            _PyStackRef attr;
            _PyStackRef self = PyStackRef_NULL;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            owner = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *descr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert(oparg & 1);
            STAT_INC(LOAD_ATTR, hit);
            assert(descr != NULL);
            assert(_PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR));
            attr = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(descr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = attr;
            self = owner;
            stack_pointer[0] = self;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _MAYBE_EXPAND_METHOD: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef func;
            _PyStackRef maybe_self;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            if (PyStackRef_TYPE(callable) == &PyMethod_Type && PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
                PyObject *self = ((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_self;
                maybe_self = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(self);
                stack_pointer[-1 - oparg] = maybe_self;
                PyObject *method = ((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_func;
                func = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(method);
                stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = func;
                /* Make sure that callable and all args are in memory */
                args[-2] = func;
                args[-1] = maybe_self;
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            }
            else {
                func = callable;
                maybe_self = self_or_null;
            }
            break;
        }

        /* _DO_CALL is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        case _CHECK_PERIODIC: {
            CHECK_EVAL_BREAKER();
            break;
        }

        /* _MONITOR_CALL is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        case _PY_FRAME_GENERAL: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *self_or_null_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_or_null);
            // oparg counts all of the args, but *not* self:
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (self_or_null_o != NULL) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            assert(Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyFunction_Type);
            int code_flags = ((PyCodeObject*)PyFunction_GET_CODE(callable_o))->co_flags;
            PyObject *locals = code_flags & CO_OPTIMIZED ? NULL : Py_NewRef(PyFunction_GET_GLOBALS(callable_o));
            new_frame = _PyEvalFramePushAndInit(
                tstate, (PyFunctionObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(callable), locals,
                args, total_args, NULL
            );
            // The frame has stolen all the arguments from the stack,
            // so there is no need to clean them up.
            stack_pointer += -2 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            if (new_frame == NULL) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            stack_pointer[0].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_FUNCTION_VERSION: {
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            uint32_t func_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            if (!PyFunction_Check(callable_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            if (func->func_version != func_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_METHOD_VERSION: {
            _PyStackRef null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            uint32_t func_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) != &PyMethod_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyObject *func = ((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_func;
            if (!PyFunction_Check(func)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (((PyFunctionObject *)func)->func_version != func_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(null)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _EXPAND_METHOD: {
            _PyStackRef null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef method;
            _PyStackRef self;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            assert(PyStackRef_IsNull(null));
            assert(Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyMethod_Type);
            self = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_self);
            stack_pointer[-1 - oparg] = self;
            method = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_func);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = method;
            assert(PyStackRef_FunctionCheck(method));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_IS_NOT_PY_CALLABLE: {
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            if (PyFunction_Check(callable_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (Py_TYPE(callable_o) == &PyMethod_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_NON_PY_GENERAL: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            #if TIER_ONE
            assert(opcode != INSTRUMENTED_CALL);
            #endif
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *self_or_null_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_or_null);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (self_or_null_o != NULL) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            /* Callable is not a normal Python function */
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(args, total_args, args_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_or_null);
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = PyObject_Vectorcall(
                callable_o, args_o,
                total_args | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET,
                NULL);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            for (int i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
            }
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_CALL_BOUND_METHOD_EXACT_ARGS: {
            _PyStackRef null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(null)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable)) != &PyMethod_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_BOUND_METHOD_EXACT_ARGS: {
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef func;
            _PyStackRef self;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            self = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_self);
            stack_pointer[-1 - oparg] = self;
            func = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(((PyMethodObject *)callable_o)->im_func);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = func;
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_PEP_523: {
            if (tstate->interp->eval_frame) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_FUNCTION_EXACT_ARGS: {
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            assert(PyFunction_Check(callable_o));
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)func->func_code;
            if (code->co_argcount != oparg + (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null))) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_STACK_SPACE: {
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)func->func_code;
            if (!_PyThreadState_HasStackSpace(tstate, code->co_framesize)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (tstate->py_recursion_remaining <= 1) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_PY_EXACT_ARGS_0: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = 0;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, func, oparg + has_self);
            _PyStackRef *first_non_self_local = new_frame->localsplus + has_self;
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = self_or_null;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                first_non_self_local[i] = args[i];
            }
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_PY_EXACT_ARGS_1: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = 1;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, func, oparg + has_self);
            _PyStackRef *first_non_self_local = new_frame->localsplus + has_self;
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = self_or_null;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                first_non_self_local[i] = args[i];
            }
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_PY_EXACT_ARGS_2: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = 2;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, func, oparg + has_self);
            _PyStackRef *first_non_self_local = new_frame->localsplus + has_self;
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = self_or_null;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                first_non_self_local[i] = args[i];
            }
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_PY_EXACT_ARGS_3: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = 3;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, func, oparg + has_self);
            _PyStackRef *first_non_self_local = new_frame->localsplus + has_self;
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = self_or_null;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                first_non_self_local[i] = args[i];
            }
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_PY_EXACT_ARGS_4: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = 4;
            assert(oparg == CURRENT_OPARG());
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, func, oparg + has_self);
            _PyStackRef *first_non_self_local = new_frame->localsplus + has_self;
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = self_or_null;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                first_non_self_local[i] = args[i];
            }
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _INIT_CALL_PY_EXACT_ARGS: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int has_self = !PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null);
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)callable_o;
            new_frame = _PyFrame_PushUnchecked(tstate, func, oparg + has_self);
            _PyStackRef *first_non_self_local = new_frame->localsplus + has_self;
            new_frame->localsplus[0] = self_or_null;
            for (int i = 0; i < oparg; i++) {
                first_non_self_local[i] = args[i];
            }
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg].bits = (uintptr_t)new_frame;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _PUSH_FRAME: {
            _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame;
            new_frame = (_PyInterpreterFrame *)stack_pointer[-1].bits;
            // Write it out explicitly because it's subtly different.
            // Eventually this should be the only occurrence of this code.
            assert(tstate->interp->eval_frame == NULL);
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
            new_frame->previous = frame;
            CALL_STAT_INC(inlined_py_calls);
            frame = tstate->current_frame = new_frame;
            tstate->py_recursion_remaining--;
            LOAD_SP();
            LOAD_IP(0);
            LLTRACE_RESUME_FRAME();
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_TYPE_1: {
            _PyStackRef arg;
            _PyStackRef null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            arg = stack_pointer[-1];
            null = stack_pointer[-2];
            callable = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *arg_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arg);
            assert(oparg == 1);
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(null)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (callable_o != (PyObject *)&PyType_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(Py_NewRef(Py_TYPE(arg_o)));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(arg);
            stack_pointer[-3] = res;
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_STR_1: {
            _PyStackRef arg;
            _PyStackRef null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            arg = stack_pointer[-1];
            null = stack_pointer[-2];
            callable = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *arg_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arg);
            assert(oparg == 1);
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(null)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (callable_o != (PyObject *)&PyUnicode_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyObject_Str(arg_o));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(arg);
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(res)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer[-3] = res;
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_TUPLE_1: {
            _PyStackRef arg;
            _PyStackRef null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            arg = stack_pointer[-1];
            null = stack_pointer[-2];
            callable = stack_pointer[-3];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *arg_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arg);
            assert(oparg == 1);
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(null)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (callable_o != (PyObject *)&PyTuple_Type) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PySequence_Tuple(arg_o));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(arg);
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(res)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            stack_pointer[-3] = res;
            stack_pointer += -2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _CALL_ALLOC_AND_ENTER_INIT is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        case _EXIT_INIT_CHECK: {
            _PyStackRef should_be_none;
            should_be_none = stack_pointer[-1];
            assert(STACK_LEVEL() == 2);
            if (!PyStackRef_Is(should_be_none, PyStackRef_None)) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "__init__() should return None, not '%.200s'",
                             Py_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(should_be_none))->tp_name);
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_BUILTIN_CLASS: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (!PyType_Check(callable_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyTypeObject *tp = (PyTypeObject *)callable_o;
            if (tp->tp_vectorcall == NULL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(args, total_args, args_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_or_null);
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = tp->tp_vectorcall((PyObject *)tp, args_o, total_args, NULL);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
            /* Free the arguments. */
            for (int i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_BUILTIN_O: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            /* Builtin METH_O functions */
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (total_args != 1) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!PyCFunction_CheckExact(callable_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(callable_o) != METH_O) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // CPython promises to check all non-vectorcall function calls.
            if (tstate->c_recursion_remaining <= 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyCFunction cfunc = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(callable_o);
            _PyStackRef arg = args[0];
            _Py_EnterRecursiveCallTstateUnchecked(tstate);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyCFunction_TrampolineCall(cfunc, PyCFunction_GET_SELF(callable_o), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arg));
            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallTstate(tstate);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(arg);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_BUILTIN_FAST: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            /* Builtin METH_FASTCALL functions, without keywords */
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (!PyCFunction_CheckExact(callable_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(callable_o) != METH_FASTCALL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyCFunction cfunc = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(callable_o);
            /* res = func(self, args, nargs) */
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(args, total_args, args_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_or_null);
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = ((PyCFunctionFast)(void(*)(void))cfunc)(
                PyCFunction_GET_SELF(callable_o),
                args_o,
                total_args);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            /* Free the arguments. */
            for (int i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_BUILTIN_FAST_WITH_KEYWORDS: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            /* Builtin METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS functions */
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (!PyCFunction_CheckExact(callable_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(callable_o) != (METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            /* res = func(self, args, nargs, kwnames) */
            PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords cfunc =
            (PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))
            PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(callable_o);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(args, total_args, args_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_or_null);
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = cfunc(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(callable_o), args_o, total_args, NULL);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            /* Free the arguments. */
            for (int i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_LEN: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            /* len(o) */
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (total_args != 1) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
            if (callable_o != interp->callable_cache.len) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            _PyStackRef arg_stackref = args[0];
            PyObject *arg = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arg_stackref);
            Py_ssize_t len_i = PyObject_Length(arg);
            if (len_i < 0) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = PyLong_FromSsize_t(len_i);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            if (res_o == NULL) {
                GOTO_ERROR(error);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(arg_stackref);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_ISINSTANCE: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            /* isinstance(o, o2) */
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (total_args != 2) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
            if (callable_o != interp->callable_cache.isinstance) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            _PyStackRef cls_stackref = args[1];
            _PyStackRef inst_stackref = args[0];
            int retval = PyObject_IsInstance(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(inst_stackref), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(cls_stackref));
            if (retval < 0) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            res = retval ? PyStackRef_True : PyStackRef_False;
            assert((!PyStackRef_IsNull(res)) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(inst_stackref);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(cls_stackref);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_LIST_APPEND: {
            _PyStackRef arg;
            _PyStackRef self;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            arg = stack_pointer[-1];
            self = stack_pointer[-2];
            callable = stack_pointer[-3];
            assert(oparg == 1);
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            PyObject *self_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self);
            PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp;
            if (callable_o != interp->callable_cache.list_append) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(self_o != NULL);
            if (!PyList_Check(self_o)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            int err = _PyList_AppendTakeRef((PyListObject *)self_o, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(arg));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(self);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (err) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            #if TIER_ONE
            // Skip the following POP_TOP. This is done here in tier one, and
            // during trace projection in tier two:
            assert(next_instr->op.code == POP_TOP);
            SKIP_OVER(1);
            #endif
            stack_pointer += -3;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR_O: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            PyMethodDescrObject *method = (PyMethodDescrObject *)callable_o;
            if (total_args != 2) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(method, &PyMethodDescr_Type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyMethodDef *meth = method->d_method;
            if (meth->ml_flags != METH_O) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // CPython promises to check all non-vectorcall function calls.
            if (tstate->c_recursion_remaining <= 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            _PyStackRef arg_stackref = args[1];
            _PyStackRef self_stackref = args[0];
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_stackref),
                                 method->d_common.d_type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyCFunction cfunc = meth->ml_meth;
            _Py_EnterRecursiveCallTstateUnchecked(tstate);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyCFunction_TrampolineCall(cfunc,
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_stackref),
                PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arg_stackref));
            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallTstate(tstate);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_stackref);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(arg_stackref);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR_FAST_WITH_KEYWORDS: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            PyMethodDescrObject *method = (PyMethodDescrObject *)callable_o;
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(method, &PyMethodDescr_Type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyMethodDef *meth = method->d_method;
            if (meth->ml_flags != (METH_FASTCALL|METH_KEYWORDS)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyTypeObject *d_type = method->d_common.d_type;
            PyObject *self = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(args[0]);
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(self, d_type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            int nargs = total_args - 1;
            PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords cfunc =
            (PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)(void(*)(void))meth->ml_meth;
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(args, nargs, args_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_or_null);
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = cfunc(self, (args_o + 1), nargs, NULL);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            /* Free the arguments. */
            for (int i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR_NOARGS: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            assert(oparg == 0 || oparg == 1);
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            if (total_args != 1) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyMethodDescrObject *method = (PyMethodDescrObject *)callable_o;
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(method, &PyMethodDescr_Type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyMethodDef *meth = method->d_method;
            _PyStackRef self_stackref = args[0];
            PyObject *self = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self_stackref);
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(self, method->d_common.d_type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (meth->ml_flags != METH_NOARGS) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            // CPython promises to check all non-vectorcall function calls.
            if (tstate->c_recursion_remaining <= 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyCFunction cfunc = meth->ml_meth;
            _Py_EnterRecursiveCallTstateUnchecked(tstate);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyCFunction_TrampolineCall(cfunc, self, NULL);
            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallTstate(tstate);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_stackref);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CALL_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR_FAST: {
            _PyStackRef *args;
            _PyStackRef self_or_null;
            _PyStackRef callable;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            args = &stack_pointer[-oparg];
            self_or_null = stack_pointer[-1 - oparg];
            callable = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
            PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
            int total_args = oparg;
            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self_or_null)) {
                args--;
                total_args++;
            }
            PyMethodDescrObject *method = (PyMethodDescrObject *)callable_o;
            /* Builtin METH_FASTCALL methods, without keywords */
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(method, &PyMethodDescr_Type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyMethodDef *meth = method->d_method;
            if (meth->ml_flags != METH_FASTCALL) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyObject *self = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(args[0]);
            if (!Py_IS_TYPE(self, method->d_common.d_type)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            STAT_INC(CALL, hit);
            PyCFunctionFast cfunc =
            (PyCFunctionFast)(void(*)(void))meth->ml_meth;
            int nargs = total_args - 1;
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(args, nargs, args_o);
            if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(self_or_null);
                for (int _i = oparg; --_i >= 0;) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[_i]);
                }
                if (true) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            PyObject *res_o = cfunc(self, (args_o + 1), nargs);
            STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
            assert((res_o != NULL) ^ (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) != NULL));
            /* Clear the stack of the arguments. */
            for (int i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - oparg] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1 - oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_CALL_KW is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _CALL_KW is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_CALL_FUNCTION_EX is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _CALL_FUNCTION_EX is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it uses the 'this_instr' variable */

        case _MAKE_FUNCTION: {
            _PyStackRef codeobj_st;
            _PyStackRef func;
            codeobj_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *codeobj = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(codeobj_st);
            PyFunctionObject *func_obj = (PyFunctionObject *)
            PyFunction_New(codeobj, GLOBALS());
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(codeobj_st);
            if (func_obj == NULL) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            _PyFunction_SetVersion(
                                   func_obj, ((PyCodeObject *)codeobj)->co_version);
            func = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal((PyObject *)func_obj);
            stack_pointer[-1] = func;
            break;
        }

        case _SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE: {
            _PyStackRef func_st;
            _PyStackRef attr_st;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            func_st = stack_pointer[-1];
            attr_st = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *func = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(func_st);
            PyObject *attr = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(attr_st);
            assert(PyFunction_Check(func));
            PyFunctionObject *func_obj = (PyFunctionObject *)func;
            switch(oparg) {
                case MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE:
                assert(func_obj->func_closure == NULL);
                func_obj->func_closure = attr;
                break;
                case MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS:
                assert(func_obj->func_annotations == NULL);
                func_obj->func_annotations = attr;
                break;
                case MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS:
                assert(PyDict_CheckExact(attr));
                assert(func_obj->func_kwdefaults == NULL);
                func_obj->func_kwdefaults = attr;
                break;
                case MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS:
                assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(attr));
                assert(func_obj->func_defaults == NULL);
                func_obj->func_defaults = attr;
                break;
                case MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE:
                assert(PyCallable_Check(attr));
                assert(func_obj->func_annotate == NULL);
                func_obj->func_annotate = attr;
                break;
                default:
                Py_UNREACHABLE();
            }
            stack_pointer[-2] = func_st;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _RETURN_GENERATOR: {
            _PyStackRef res;
            assert(PyFunction_Check(frame->f_funcobj));
            PyFunctionObject *func = (PyFunctionObject *)frame->f_funcobj;
            PyGenObject *gen = (PyGenObject *)_Py_MakeCoro(func);
            if (gen == NULL) {
                JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            assert(EMPTY());
            _PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
            _PyInterpreterFrame *gen_frame = &gen->gi_iframe;
            frame->instr_ptr++;
            _PyFrame_Copy(frame, gen_frame);
            assert(frame->frame_obj == NULL);
            gen->gi_frame_state = FRAME_CREATED;
            gen_frame->owner = FRAME_OWNED_BY_GENERATOR;
            _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallPy(tstate);
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal((PyObject *)gen);
            _PyInterpreterFrame *prev = frame->previous;
            _PyThreadState_PopFrame(tstate, frame);
            frame = tstate->current_frame = prev;
            LOAD_IP(frame->return_offset);
            LOAD_SP();
            LLTRACE_RESUME_FRAME();
            stack_pointer[0] = res;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BUILD_SLICE: {
            _PyStackRef step = PyStackRef_NULL;
            _PyStackRef stop;
            _PyStackRef start;
            _PyStackRef slice;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            if (oparg == 3) { step = stack_pointer[-((oparg == 3) ? 1 : 0)]; }
            stop = stack_pointer[-1 - ((oparg == 3) ? 1 : 0)];
            start = stack_pointer[-2 - ((oparg == 3) ? 1 : 0)];
            PyObject *start_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(start);
            PyObject *stop_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(stop);
            PyObject *step_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(step);
            PyObject *slice_o = PySlice_New(start_o, stop_o, step_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(start);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(stop);
            PyStackRef_XCLOSE(step);
            if (slice_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            slice = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(slice_o);
            stack_pointer[-2 - ((oparg == 3) ? 1 : 0)] = slice;
            stack_pointer += -1 - ((oparg == 3) ? 1 : 0);
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CONVERT_VALUE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef result;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            conversion_func conv_fn;
            assert(oparg >= FVC_STR && oparg <= FVC_ASCII);
            conv_fn = _PyEval_ConversionFuncs[oparg];
            PyObject *result_o = conv_fn(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            if (result_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            result = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(result_o);
            stack_pointer[-1] = result;
            break;
        }

        case _FORMAT_SIMPLE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            value = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *value_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value);
            /* If value is a unicode object, then we know the result
             * of format(value) is value itself. */
            if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(value_o)) {
                res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyObject_Format(value_o, NULL));
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
                if (PyStackRef_IsNull(res)) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            }
            else {
                res = value;
            }
            stack_pointer[-1] = res;
            break;
        }

        case _FORMAT_WITH_SPEC: {
            _PyStackRef fmt_spec;
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef res;
            fmt_spec = stack_pointer[-1];
            value = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *res_o = PyObject_Format(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value), PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(fmt_spec));
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(fmt_spec);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _COPY: {
            _PyStackRef bottom;
            _PyStackRef top;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            bottom = stack_pointer[-1 - (oparg-1)];
            assert(oparg > 0);
            top = PyStackRef_DUP(bottom);
            stack_pointer[0] = top;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _BINARY_OP: {
            _PyStackRef rhs;
            _PyStackRef lhs;
            _PyStackRef res;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            rhs = stack_pointer[-1];
            lhs = stack_pointer[-2];
            PyObject *lhs_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(lhs);
            PyObject *rhs_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(rhs);
            assert(_PyEval_BinaryOps[oparg]);
            PyObject *res_o = _PyEval_BinaryOps[oparg](lhs_o, rhs_o);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(lhs);
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(rhs);
            if (res_o == NULL) JUMP_TO_ERROR();
            res = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res_o);
            stack_pointer[-2] = res;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _SWAP: {
            _PyStackRef top;
            _PyStackRef bottom;
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            top = stack_pointer[-1];
            bottom = stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg-2)];
            assert(oparg >= 2);
            stack_pointer[-2 - (oparg-2)] = top;
            stack_pointer[-1] = bottom;
            break;
        }

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_LINE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_INSTRUCTION is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_JUMP_FORWARD is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_JUMP_BACKWARD is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_NONE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        /* _INSTRUMENTED_POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE is not a viable micro-op for tier 2 because it is instrumented */

        case _GUARD_IS_TRUE_POP: {
            _PyStackRef flag;
            flag = stack_pointer[-1];
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            if (!PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_True)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_True));
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_IS_FALSE_POP: {
            _PyStackRef flag;
            flag = stack_pointer[-1];
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            if (!PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_False)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(PyStackRef_Is(flag, PyStackRef_False));
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_IS_NONE_POP: {
            _PyStackRef val;
            val = stack_pointer[-1];
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            if (!PyStackRef_Is(val, PyStackRef_None)) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(val);
                if (1) {
                    UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                    JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        case _GUARD_IS_NOT_NONE_POP: {
            _PyStackRef val;
            val = stack_pointer[-1];
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            if (PyStackRef_Is(val, PyStackRef_None)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(val);
            break;
        }

        case _JUMP_TO_TOP: {
            JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            break;
        }

        case _SET_IP: {
            PyObject *instr_ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            frame->instr_ptr = (_Py_CODEUNIT *)instr_ptr;
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_STACK_SPACE_OPERAND: {
            uint32_t framesize = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert(framesize <= INT_MAX);
            if (!_PyThreadState_HasStackSpace(tstate, framesize)) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            if (tstate->py_recursion_remaining <= 1) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _SAVE_RETURN_OFFSET: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            #if TIER_ONE
            frame->return_offset = (uint16_t)(next_instr - this_instr);
            #endif
            #if TIER_TWO
            frame->return_offset = oparg;
            #endif
            break;
        }

        case _EXIT_TRACE: {
            PyObject *exit_p = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            _PyExitData *exit = (_PyExitData *)exit_p;
            PyCodeObject *code = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
            _Py_CODEUNIT *target = _PyCode_CODE(code) + exit->target;
            #if defined(Py_DEBUG) && !defined(_Py_JIT)
            OPT_HIST(trace_uop_execution_counter, trace_run_length_hist);
            if (lltrace >= 2) {
                printf("SIDE EXIT: [UOp ");
                _PyUOpPrint(&next_uop[-1]);
                printf(", exit %u, temp %d, target %d -> %s]\n",
                       exit - current_executor->exits, exit->temperature.as_counter,
                       (int)(target - _PyCode_CODE(code)),
                       _PyOpcode_OpName[target->op.code]);
            }
            #endif
            if (exit->executor && !exit->executor->vm_data.valid) {
                exit->temperature = initial_temperature_backoff_counter();
                Py_CLEAR(exit->executor);
            }
            if (exit->executor == NULL) {
                _Py_BackoffCounter temperature = exit->temperature;
                if (!backoff_counter_triggers(temperature)) {
                    exit->temperature = advance_backoff_counter(temperature);
                    tstate->previous_executor = (PyObject *)current_executor;
                    GOTO_TIER_ONE(target);
                }
                _PyExecutorObject *executor;
                if (target->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
                    executor = code->co_executors->executors[target->op.arg];
                    Py_INCREF(executor);
                }
                else {
                    int optimized = _PyOptimizer_Optimize(frame, target, stack_pointer, &executor);
                    if (optimized <= 0) {
                        exit->temperature = restart_backoff_counter(temperature);
                        if (optimized < 0) {
                            Py_DECREF(current_executor);
                            tstate->previous_executor = Py_None;
                            GOTO_UNWIND();
                        }
                        tstate->previous_executor = (PyObject *)current_executor;
                        GOTO_TIER_ONE(target);
                    }
                }
                exit->executor = executor;
            }
            Py_INCREF(exit->executor);
            tstate->previous_executor = (PyObject *)current_executor;
            GOTO_TIER_TWO(exit->executor);
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_VALIDITY: {
            if (!current_executor->vm_data.valid) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_CONST_INLINE: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            PyObject *ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(ptr);
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_CONST_INLINE_BORROW: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            PyObject *ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectImmortal(ptr);
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer += 1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _POP_TOP_LOAD_CONST_INLINE_BORROW: {
            _PyStackRef pop;
            _PyStackRef value;
            pop = stack_pointer[-1];
            PyObject *ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(pop);
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectImmortal(ptr);
            stack_pointer[-1] = value;
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_CONST_INLINE_WITH_NULL: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef null;
            PyObject *ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(ptr);
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            stack_pointer[1] = null;
            stack_pointer += 2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _LOAD_CONST_INLINE_BORROW_WITH_NULL: {
            _PyStackRef value;
            _PyStackRef null;
            PyObject *ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            value = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectImmortal(ptr);
            null = PyStackRef_NULL;
            stack_pointer[0] = value;
            stack_pointer[1] = null;
            stack_pointer += 2;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_FUNCTION: {
            uint32_t func_version = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            assert(PyFunction_Check(frame->f_funcobj));
            if (((PyFunctionObject *)frame->f_funcobj)->func_version != func_version) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            break;
        }

        case _INTERNAL_INCREMENT_OPT_COUNTER: {
            _PyStackRef opt;
            opt = stack_pointer[-1];
            _PyCounterOptimizerObject *exe = (_PyCounterOptimizerObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(opt);
            exe->count++;
            stack_pointer += -1;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            break;
        }

        case _DYNAMIC_EXIT: {
            PyObject *exit_p = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            tstate->previous_executor = (PyObject *)current_executor;
            _PyExitData *exit = (_PyExitData *)exit_p;
            _Py_CODEUNIT *target = frame->instr_ptr;
            #if defined(Py_DEBUG) && !defined(_Py_JIT)
            OPT_HIST(trace_uop_execution_counter, trace_run_length_hist);
            if (lltrace >= 2) {
                printf("DYNAMIC EXIT: [UOp ");
                _PyUOpPrint(&next_uop[-1]);
                printf(", exit %u, temp %d, target %d -> %s]\n",
                       exit - current_executor->exits, exit->temperature.as_counter,
                       (int)(target - _PyCode_CODE(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame))),
                       _PyOpcode_OpName[target->op.code]);
            }
            #endif
            _PyExecutorObject *executor;
            if (target->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
                PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)frame->f_executable;
                executor = code->co_executors->executors[target->op.arg];
                Py_INCREF(executor);
            }
            else {
                if (!backoff_counter_triggers(exit->temperature)) {
                    exit->temperature = advance_backoff_counter(exit->temperature);
                    GOTO_TIER_ONE(target);
                }
                int optimized = _PyOptimizer_Optimize(frame, target, stack_pointer, &executor);
                if (optimized <= 0) {
                    exit->temperature = restart_backoff_counter(exit->temperature);
                    if (optimized < 0) {
                        Py_DECREF(current_executor);
                        tstate->previous_executor = Py_None;
                        GOTO_UNWIND();
                    }
                    GOTO_TIER_ONE(target);
                }
                else {
                    exit->temperature = initial_temperature_backoff_counter();
                }
            }
            GOTO_TIER_TWO(executor);
            break;
        }

        case _START_EXECUTOR: {
            PyObject *executor = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            Py_DECREF(tstate->previous_executor);
            tstate->previous_executor = NULL;
            #ifndef _Py_JIT
            current_executor = (_PyExecutorObject*)executor;
            #endif
            assert(((_PyExecutorObject *)executor)->vm_data.valid);
            break;
        }

        case _FATAL_ERROR: {
            assert(0);
            Py_FatalError("Fatal error uop executed.");
            break;
        }

        case _CHECK_VALIDITY_AND_SET_IP: {
            PyObject *instr_ptr = (PyObject *)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            if (!current_executor->vm_data.valid) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            frame->instr_ptr = (_Py_CODEUNIT *)instr_ptr;
            break;
        }

        case _DEOPT: {
            EXIT_TO_TIER1();
            break;
        }

        case _ERROR_POP_N: {
            oparg = CURRENT_OPARG();
            uint32_t target = (uint32_t)CURRENT_OPERAND();
            frame->instr_ptr = ((_Py_CODEUNIT *)_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_code_adaptive) + target;
            stack_pointer += -oparg;
            assert(WITHIN_STACK_BOUNDS());
            GOTO_UNWIND();
            break;
        }

        case _TIER2_RESUME_CHECK: {
            #if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
            if (_Py_emscripten_signal_clock == 0) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            _Py_emscripten_signal_clock -= Py_EMSCRIPTEN_SIGNAL_HANDLING;
            #endif
            uintptr_t eval_breaker = _Py_atomic_load_uintptr_relaxed(&tstate->eval_breaker);
            if (eval_breaker & _PY_EVAL_EVENTS_MASK) {
                UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, miss);
                JUMP_TO_JUMP_TARGET();
            }
            assert(tstate->tracing || eval_breaker == FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINTPTR_ACQUIRE(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->_co_instrumentation_version));
            break;
        }

#undef TIER_TWO