#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include "pyconfig.h"

#include "Python.h"
#include "internal/pycore_runtime.h"
#include "internal/pycore_ceval.h"

#ifdef __linux__
#    include <elf.h>
#    include <sys/uio.h>
#    if INTPTR_MAX == INT64_MAX
#        define Elf_Ehdr Elf64_Ehdr
#        define Elf_Shdr Elf64_Shdr
#        define Elf_Phdr Elf64_Phdr
#    else
#        define Elf_Ehdr Elf32_Ehdr
#        define Elf_Shdr Elf32_Shdr
#        define Elf_Phdr Elf32_Phdr
#    endif
#    include <sys/mman.h>
#endif

#if defined(__APPLE__) && TARGET_OS_OSX
#  include <libproc.h>
#  include <mach-o/fat.h>
#  include <mach-o/loader.h>
#  include <mach-o/nlist.h>
#  include <mach/mach.h>
#  include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#  include <mach/machine.h>
#  include <sys/mman.h>
#  include <sys/proc.h>
#  include <sys/sysctl.h>
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    // Windows includes and definitions
#include <windows.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#endif

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifndef MS_WINDOWS
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_PROCESS_VM_READV
#    define HAVE_PROCESS_VM_READV 0
#endif

#if defined(Py_REMOTE_DEBUG) && defined(Py_SUPPORTS_REMOTE_DEBUG)

// Define a platform-independent process handle structure
typedef struct {
    pid_t pid;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    HANDLE hProcess;
#endif
} proc_handle_t;

// Initialize the process handle
static int
init_proc_handle(proc_handle_t *handle, pid_t pid) {
    handle->pid = pid;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    handle->hProcess = OpenProcess(
        PROCESS_VM_READ | PROCESS_VM_WRITE | PROCESS_VM_OPERATION | PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION,
        FALSE, pid);
    if (handle->hProcess == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
        return -1;
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}

// Clean up the process handle
static void
cleanup_proc_handle(proc_handle_t *handle) {
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    if (handle->hProcess != NULL) {
        CloseHandle(handle->hProcess);
        handle->hProcess = NULL;
    }
#endif
    handle->pid = 0;
}

#if defined(__APPLE__) && TARGET_OS_OSX
static uintptr_t
return_section_address64(
    const char* section,
    mach_port_t proc_ref,
    uintptr_t base,
    void* map
) {
    struct mach_header_64* hdr = (struct mach_header_64*)map;
    int ncmds = hdr->ncmds;

    int cmd_cnt = 0;
    struct segment_command_64* cmd = map + sizeof(struct mach_header_64);

    mach_vm_size_t size = 0;
    mach_msg_type_number_t count = sizeof(vm_region_basic_info_data_64_t);
    mach_vm_address_t address = (mach_vm_address_t)base;
    vm_region_basic_info_data_64_t r_info;
    mach_port_t object_name;
    uintptr_t vmaddr = 0;

    for (int i = 0; cmd_cnt < 2 && i < ncmds; i++) {
        if (cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 && strcmp(cmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) {
            vmaddr = cmd->vmaddr;
        }
        if (cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64 && strcmp(cmd->segname, "__DATA") == 0) {
            while (cmd->filesize != size) {
                address += size;
                kern_return_t ret = mach_vm_region(
                    proc_ref,
                    &address,
                    &size,
                    VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_64,
                    (vm_region_info_t)&r_info,  // cppcheck-suppress [uninitvar]
                    &count,
                    &object_name
                );
                if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                    PyErr_SetString(
                        PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot get any more VM maps.\n");
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            int nsects = cmd->nsects;
            struct section_64* sec = (struct section_64*)(
                (void*)cmd + sizeof(struct segment_command_64)
                );
            for (int j = 0; j < nsects; j++) {
                if (strcmp(sec[j].sectname, section) == 0) {
                    return base + sec[j].addr - vmaddr;
                }
            }
            cmd_cnt++;
        }

        cmd = (struct segment_command_64*)((void*)cmd + cmd->cmdsize);
    }

    // We should not be here, but if we are there, we should say about this
    PyErr_SetString(
        PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot find section address.\n");
    return 0;
}

static uintptr_t
return_section_address32(
    const char* section,
    mach_port_t proc_ref,
    uintptr_t base,
    void* map
) {
    struct mach_header* hdr = (struct mach_header*)map;
    int ncmds = hdr->ncmds;

    int cmd_cnt = 0;
    struct segment_command* cmd = map + sizeof(struct mach_header);

    mach_vm_size_t size = 0;
    mach_msg_type_number_t count = sizeof(vm_region_basic_info_data_t);
    mach_vm_address_t address = (mach_vm_address_t)base;
    vm_region_basic_info_data_t r_info;
    mach_port_t object_name;
    uintptr_t vmaddr = 0;

    for (int i = 0; cmd_cnt < 2 && i < ncmds; i++) {
        if (cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT && strcmp(cmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) {
            vmaddr = cmd->vmaddr;
        }
        if (cmd->cmd == LC_SEGMENT && strcmp(cmd->segname, "__DATA") == 0) {
            while (cmd->filesize != size) {
                address += size;
                kern_return_t ret = mach_vm_region(
                    proc_ref,
                    &address,
                    &size,
                    VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO,
                    (vm_region_info_t)&r_info,  // cppcheck-suppress [uninitvar]
                    &count,
                    &object_name
                );
                if (ret != KERN_SUCCESS) {
                    PyErr_SetString(
                        PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot get any more VM maps.\n");
                    return 0;
                }
            }

            int nsects = cmd->nsects;
            struct section* sec = (struct section*)(
                (void*)cmd + sizeof(struct segment_command)
                );
            for (int j = 0; j < nsects; j++) {
                if (strcmp(sec[j].sectname, section) == 0) {
                    return base + sec[j].addr - vmaddr;
                }
            }
            cmd_cnt++;
        }

        cmd = (struct segment_command*)((void*)cmd + cmd->cmdsize);
    }

    // We should not be here, but if we are there, we should say about this
    PyErr_SetString(
        PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot find section address.\n");
    return 0;
}

static uintptr_t
return_section_address_fat(
    const char* section,
    mach_port_t proc_ref,
    uintptr_t base,
    void* map
) {
    struct fat_header* fat_hdr = (struct fat_header*)map;

    // Determine host CPU type for architecture selection
    cpu_type_t cpu;
    int is_abi64;
    size_t cpu_size = sizeof(cpu), abi64_size = sizeof(is_abi64);

    sysctlbyname("hw.cputype", &cpu, &cpu_size, NULL, 0);
    sysctlbyname("hw.cpu64bit_capable", &is_abi64, &abi64_size, NULL, 0);

    cpu |= is_abi64 * CPU_ARCH_ABI64;

    // Check endianness
    int swap = fat_hdr->magic == FAT_CIGAM;
    struct fat_arch* arch = (struct fat_arch*)(map + sizeof(struct fat_header));

    // Get number of architectures in fat binary
    uint32_t nfat_arch = swap ? __builtin_bswap32(fat_hdr->nfat_arch) : fat_hdr->nfat_arch;

    // Search for matching architecture
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nfat_arch; i++) {
        cpu_type_t arch_cpu = swap ? __builtin_bswap32(arch[i].cputype) : arch[i].cputype;

        if (arch_cpu == cpu) {
            // Found matching architecture, now process it
            uint32_t offset = swap ? __builtin_bswap32(arch[i].offset) : arch[i].offset;
            struct mach_header_64* hdr = (struct mach_header_64*)(map + offset);

            // Determine which type of Mach-O it is and process accordingly
            switch (hdr->magic) {
                case MH_MAGIC:
                case MH_CIGAM:
                    return return_section_address32(section, proc_ref, base, (void*)hdr);

                case MH_MAGIC_64:
                case MH_CIGAM_64:
                    return return_section_address64(section, proc_ref, base, (void*)hdr);

                default:
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unknown Mach-O magic in fat binary.\n");
                    return 0;
            }
        }
    }

    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "No matching architecture found in fat binary.\n");
    return 0;
}

static uintptr_t
search_section_in_file(const char* secname, char* path, uintptr_t base, mach_vm_size_t size, mach_port_t proc_ref)
{
    int fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
    if (fd == -1) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot open binary %s\n", path);
        return 0;
    }

    struct stat fs;
    if (fstat(fd, &fs) == -1) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot get size of binary %s\n", path);
        close(fd);
        return 0;
    }

    void* map = mmap(0, fs.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    if (map == MAP_FAILED) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot map binary %s\n", path);
        close(fd);
        return 0;
    }

    uintptr_t result = 0;
    uint32_t magic = *(uint32_t*)map;

    switch (magic) {
    case MH_MAGIC:
    case MH_CIGAM:
        result = return_section_address32(secname, proc_ref, base, map);
        break;
    case MH_MAGIC_64:
    case MH_CIGAM_64:
        result = return_section_address64(secname, proc_ref, base, map);
        break;
    case FAT_MAGIC:
    case FAT_CIGAM:
        result = return_section_address_fat(secname, proc_ref, base, map);
        break;
    default:
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unknown Mach-O magic");
        break;
    }

    munmap(map, fs.st_size);
    if (close(fd) != 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
    }
    return result;
}

static mach_port_t
pid_to_task(pid_t pid)
{
    mach_port_t task;
    kern_return_t result;

    result = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &task);
    if (result != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_PermissionError, "Cannot get task for PID %d", pid);
        return 0;
    }
    return task;
}

static uintptr_t
search_map_for_section(proc_handle_t *handle, const char* secname, const char* substr) {
    mach_vm_address_t address = 0;
    mach_vm_size_t size = 0;
    mach_msg_type_number_t count = sizeof(vm_region_basic_info_data_64_t);
    vm_region_basic_info_data_64_t region_info;
    mach_port_t object_name;

    mach_port_t proc_ref = pid_to_task(handle->pid);
    if (proc_ref == 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, "Cannot get task for PID");
        return 0;
    }

    int match_found = 0;
    char map_filename[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
    while (mach_vm_region(
        proc_ref,
        &address,
        &size,
        VM_REGION_BASIC_INFO_64,
        (vm_region_info_t)&region_info,
        &count,
        &object_name) == KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        if ((region_info.protection & VM_PROT_READ) == 0
            || (region_info.protection & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0) {
            address += size;
            continue;
        }

        int path_len = proc_regionfilename(
            handle->pid, address, map_filename, MAXPATHLEN);
        if (path_len == 0) {
            address += size;
            continue;
        }

        char* filename = strrchr(map_filename, '/');
        if (filename != NULL) {
            filename++;  // Move past the '/'
        } else {
            filename = map_filename;  // No path, use the whole string
        }

        if (!match_found && strncmp(filename, substr, strlen(substr)) == 0) {
            match_found = 1;
            return search_section_in_file(
                secname, map_filename, address, size, proc_ref);
        }

        address += size;
    }

    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
        "mach_vm_region failed to find the section");
    return 0;
}

#endif // (__APPLE__ && TARGET_OS_OSX)

#if defined(__linux__) && HAVE_PROCESS_VM_READV
static uintptr_t
search_elf_file_for_section(
        proc_handle_t *handle,
        const char* secname,
        uintptr_t start_address,
        const char *elf_file)
{
    if (start_address == 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    uintptr_t result = 0;
    void* file_memory = NULL;

    int fd = open(elf_file, O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        goto exit;
    }

    struct stat file_stats;
    if (fstat(fd, &file_stats) != 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        goto exit;
    }

    file_memory = mmap(NULL, file_stats.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
    if (file_memory == MAP_FAILED) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        goto exit;
    }

    Elf_Ehdr* elf_header = (Elf_Ehdr*)file_memory;

    Elf_Shdr* section_header_table = (Elf_Shdr*)(file_memory + elf_header->e_shoff);

    Elf_Shdr* shstrtab_section = &section_header_table[elf_header->e_shstrndx];
    char* shstrtab = (char*)(file_memory + shstrtab_section->sh_offset);

    Elf_Shdr* section = NULL;
    for (int i = 0; i < elf_header->e_shnum; i++) {
        char* this_sec_name = shstrtab + section_header_table[i].sh_name;
        // Move 1 character to account for the leading "."
        this_sec_name += 1;
        if (strcmp(secname, this_sec_name) == 0) {
            section = &section_header_table[i];
            break;
        }
    }

    Elf_Phdr* program_header_table = (Elf_Phdr*)(file_memory + elf_header->e_phoff);
    // Find the first PT_LOAD segment
    Elf_Phdr* first_load_segment = NULL;
    for (int i = 0; i < elf_header->e_phnum; i++) {
        if (program_header_table[i].p_type == PT_LOAD) {
            first_load_segment = &program_header_table[i];
            break;
        }
    }

    if (section != NULL && first_load_segment != NULL) {
        uintptr_t elf_load_addr = first_load_segment->p_vaddr
            - (first_load_segment->p_vaddr % first_load_segment->p_align);
        result = start_address + (uintptr_t)section->sh_addr - elf_load_addr;
    }

exit:
    if (file_memory != NULL) {
        munmap(file_memory, file_stats.st_size);
    }
    if (fd >= 0 && close(fd) != 0) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
    }
    return result;
}

static uintptr_t
search_linux_map_for_section(proc_handle_t *handle, const char* secname, const char* substr)
{
    char maps_file_path[64];
    sprintf(maps_file_path, "/proc/%d/maps", handle->pid);

    FILE* maps_file = fopen(maps_file_path, "r");
    if (maps_file == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
        return 0;
    }

    size_t linelen = 0;
    size_t linesz = PATH_MAX;
    char *line = PyMem_Malloc(linesz);
    if (!line) {
        fclose(maps_file);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return 0;
    }

    uintptr_t retval = 0;
    while (fgets(line + linelen, linesz - linelen, maps_file) != NULL) {
        linelen = strlen(line);
        if (line[linelen - 1] != '\n') {
            // Read a partial line: realloc and keep reading where we left off.
            // Note that even the last line will be terminated by a newline.
            linesz *= 2;
            char *biggerline = PyMem_Realloc(line, linesz);
            if (!biggerline) {
                PyMem_Free(line);
                fclose(maps_file);
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                return 0;
            }
            line = biggerline;
            continue;
        }

        // Read a full line: strip the newline
        line[linelen - 1] = '\0';
        // and prepare to read the next line into the start of the buffer.
        linelen = 0;

        unsigned long start = 0;
        unsigned long path_pos = 0;
        sscanf(line, "%lx-%*x %*s %*s %*s %*s %ln", &start, &path_pos);

        if (!path_pos) {
            // Line didn't match our format string.  This shouldn't be
            // possible, but let's be defensive and skip the line.
            continue;
        }

        const char *path = line + path_pos;
        const char *filename = strrchr(path, '/');
        if (filename) {
            filename++;  // Move past the '/'
        } else {
            filename = path;  // No directories, or an empty string
        }

        if (strstr(filename, substr)) {
            retval = search_elf_file_for_section(handle, secname, start, path);
            if (retval) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    PyMem_Free(line);
    fclose(maps_file);

    return retval;
}


#endif // __linux__

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS

static void* analyze_pe(const wchar_t* mod_path, BYTE* remote_base, const char* secname) {
    HANDLE hFile = CreateFileW(mod_path, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
        return NULL;
    }
    HANDLE hMap = CreateFileMapping(hFile, NULL, PAGE_READONLY, 0, 0, 0);
    if (!hMap) {
        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
        CloseHandle(hFile);
        return NULL;
    }

    BYTE* mapView = (BYTE*)MapViewOfFile(hMap, FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, 0);
    if (!mapView) {
        PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
        CloseHandle(hMap);
        CloseHandle(hFile);
        return NULL;
    }

    IMAGE_DOS_HEADER* pDOSHeader = (IMAGE_DOS_HEADER*)mapView;
    if (pDOSHeader->e_magic != IMAGE_DOS_SIGNATURE) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Invalid DOS signature.");
        UnmapViewOfFile(mapView);
        CloseHandle(hMap);
        CloseHandle(hFile);
        return NULL;
    }

    IMAGE_NT_HEADERS* pNTHeaders = (IMAGE_NT_HEADERS*)(mapView + pDOSHeader->e_lfanew);
    if (pNTHeaders->Signature != IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Invalid NT signature.");
        UnmapViewOfFile(mapView);
        CloseHandle(hMap);
        CloseHandle(hFile);
        return NULL;
    }

    IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER* pSection_header = (IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER*)(mapView + pDOSHeader->e_lfanew + sizeof(IMAGE_NT_HEADERS));
    void* runtime_addr = NULL;

    for (int i = 0; i < pNTHeaders->FileHeader.NumberOfSections; i++) {
        const char* name = (const char*)pSection_header[i].Name;
        if (strncmp(name, secname, IMAGE_SIZEOF_SHORT_NAME) == 0) {
            runtime_addr = remote_base + pSection_header[i].VirtualAddress;
            break;
        }
    }

    UnmapViewOfFile(mapView);
    CloseHandle(hMap);
    CloseHandle(hFile);

    return runtime_addr;
}


static uintptr_t
search_windows_map_for_section(proc_handle_t* handle, const char* secname, const wchar_t* substr) {
    HANDLE hProcSnap;
    do {
        hProcSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPMODULE, handle->pid);
    } while (hProcSnap == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE && GetLastError() == ERROR_BAD_LENGTH);

    if (hProcSnap == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, "Unable to create module snapshot. Check permissions or PID.");
        return 0;
    }

    MODULEENTRY32W moduleEntry;
    moduleEntry.dwSize = sizeof(moduleEntry);
    void* runtime_addr = NULL;

    for (BOOL hasModule = Module32FirstW(hProcSnap, &moduleEntry); hasModule; hasModule = Module32NextW(hProcSnap, &moduleEntry)) {
        // Look for either python executable or DLL
        if (wcsstr(moduleEntry.szModule, substr)) {
            runtime_addr = analyze_pe(moduleEntry.szExePath, moduleEntry.modBaseAddr, secname);
            if (runtime_addr != NULL) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    CloseHandle(hProcSnap);
    return (uintptr_t)runtime_addr;
}

#endif // MS_WINDOWS

// Get the PyRuntime section address for any platform
static uintptr_t
get_py_runtime(proc_handle_t* handle)
{
    uintptr_t address = 0;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    // On Windows, search for 'python' in executable or DLL
    address = search_windows_map_for_section(handle, "PyRuntime", L"python");
    if (address == 0) {
        // Error out: 'python' substring covers both executable and DLL
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Failed to find the PyRuntime section in the process.");
    }
#elif defined(__linux__)
    // On Linux, search for 'python' in executable or DLL
    address = search_linux_map_for_section(handle, "PyRuntime", "python");
    if (address == 0) {
        // Error out: 'python' substring covers both executable and DLL
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Failed to find the PyRuntime section in the process.");
    }
#else
    // On macOS, try libpython first, then fall back to python
    address = search_map_for_section(handle, "PyRuntime", "libpython");
    if (address == 0) {
        // TODO: Differentiate between not found and error
        PyErr_Clear();
        address = search_map_for_section(handle, "PyRuntime", "python");
    }
#endif

    return address;
}

// Platform-independent memory read function
static int
read_memory(proc_handle_t *handle, uint64_t remote_address, size_t len, void* dst)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    SIZE_T read_bytes = 0;
    SIZE_T result = 0;
    do {
        if (!ReadProcessMemory(handle->hProcess, (LPCVOID)(remote_address + result), (char*)dst + result, len - result, &read_bytes)) {
            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
            return -1;
        }
        result += read_bytes;
    } while (result < len);
    return 0;
#elif defined(__linux__) && HAVE_PROCESS_VM_READV
    struct iovec local[1];
    struct iovec remote[1];
    Py_ssize_t result = 0;
    Py_ssize_t read_bytes = 0;

    do {
        local[0].iov_base = (char*)dst + result;
        local[0].iov_len = len - result;
        remote[0].iov_base = (void*)(remote_address + result);
        remote[0].iov_len = len - result;

        read_bytes = process_vm_readv(handle->pid, local, 1, remote, 1, 0);
        if (read_bytes < 0) {
            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
            return -1;
        }

        result += read_bytes;
    } while ((size_t)read_bytes != local[0].iov_len);
    return 0;
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && TARGET_OS_OSX
    Py_ssize_t result = -1;
    kern_return_t kr = mach_vm_read_overwrite(
        pid_to_task(handle->pid),
        (mach_vm_address_t)remote_address,
        len,
        (mach_vm_address_t)dst,
        (mach_vm_size_t*)&result);

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        switch (kr) {
        case KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, "Not enough permissions to read memory");
            break;
        case KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, "Invalid argument to mach_vm_read_overwrite");
            break;
        default:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unknown error reading memory");
        }
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
#else
    Py_UNREACHABLE();
#endif
}

// Platform-independent memory write function
static int
write_memory(proc_handle_t *handle, uintptr_t remote_address, size_t len, const void* src)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    SIZE_T written = 0;
    SIZE_T result = 0;
    do {
        if (!WriteProcessMemory(handle->hProcess, (LPVOID)(remote_address + result), (const char*)src + result, len - result, &written)) {
            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
            return -1;
        }
        result += written;
    } while (result < len);
    return 0;
#elif defined(__linux__) && HAVE_PROCESS_VM_READV
    struct iovec local[1];
    struct iovec remote[1];
    Py_ssize_t result = 0;
    Py_ssize_t written = 0;

    do {
        local[0].iov_base = (void*)((char*)src + result);
        local[0].iov_len = len - result;
        remote[0].iov_base = (void*)((char*)remote_address + result);
        remote[0].iov_len = len - result;

        written = process_vm_writev(handle->pid, local, 1, remote, 1, 0);
        if (written < 0) {
            PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
            return -1;
        }

        result += written;
    } while ((size_t)written != local[0].iov_len);
    return 0;
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && TARGET_OS_OSX
    kern_return_t kr = mach_vm_write(
        pid_to_task(handle->pid),
        (mach_vm_address_t)remote_address,
        (vm_offset_t)src,
        (mach_msg_type_number_t)len);

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        switch (kr) {
        case KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, "Not enough permissions to write memory");
            break;
        case KERN_INVALID_ARGUMENT:
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_PermissionError, "Invalid argument to mach_vm_write");
            break;
        default:
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unknown error writing memory: %d", (int)kr);
        }
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
#else
    Py_UNREACHABLE();
#endif
}

static int
is_prerelease_version(uint64_t version)
{
    return (version & 0xF0) != 0xF0;
}

static int
ensure_debug_offset_compatibility(const _Py_DebugOffsets* debug_offsets)
{
    if (memcmp(debug_offsets->cookie, _Py_Debug_Cookie, sizeof(debug_offsets->cookie)) != 0) {
        // The remote is probably running a Python version predating debug offsets.
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Can't determine the Python version of the remote process");
        return -1;
    }

    // Assume debug offsets could change from one pre-release version to another,
    // or one minor version to another, but are stable across patch versions.
    if (is_prerelease_version(Py_Version) && Py_Version != debug_offsets->version) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Can't send commands from a pre-release Python interpreter"
            " to a process running a different Python version");
        return -1;
    }

    if (is_prerelease_version(debug_offsets->version) && Py_Version != debug_offsets->version) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Can't send commands to a pre-release Python interpreter"
            " from a process running a different Python version");
        return -1;
    }

    unsigned int remote_major = (debug_offsets->version >> 24) & 0xFF;
    unsigned int remote_minor = (debug_offsets->version >> 16) & 0xFF;

    if (PY_MAJOR_VERSION != remote_major || PY_MINOR_VERSION != remote_minor) {
        PyErr_Format(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Can't send commands from a Python %d.%d process to a Python %d.%d process",
            PY_MAJOR_VERSION, PY_MINOR_VERSION, remote_major, remote_minor);
        return -1;
    }

    // The debug offsets differ between free threaded and non-free threaded builds.
    if (_Py_Debug_Free_Threaded && !debug_offsets->free_threaded) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Cannot send commands from a free-threaded Python process"
            " to a process running a non-free-threaded version");
        return -1;
    }

    if (!_Py_Debug_Free_Threaded && debug_offsets->free_threaded) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Cannot send commands to a free-threaded Python process"
            " from a process running a non-free-threaded version");
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
read_offsets(
    proc_handle_t *handle,
    uintptr_t *runtime_start_address,
    _Py_DebugOffsets* debug_offsets
) {
    *runtime_start_address = get_py_runtime(handle);
    if (!*runtime_start_address) {
        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
            PyErr_SetString(
                PyExc_RuntimeError, "Failed to get PyRuntime address");
        }
        return -1;
    }
    size_t size = sizeof(struct _Py_DebugOffsets);
    if (0 != read_memory(handle, *runtime_start_address, size, debug_offsets)) {
        return -1;
    }
    if (ensure_debug_offset_compatibility(debug_offsets)) {
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
send_exec_to_proc_handle(proc_handle_t *handle, int tid, const char *debugger_script_path)
{
    uintptr_t runtime_start_address;
    struct _Py_DebugOffsets debug_offsets;

    if (read_offsets(handle, &runtime_start_address, &debug_offsets)) {
        return -1;
    }

    uintptr_t interpreter_state_list_head = (uintptr_t)debug_offsets.runtime_state.interpreters_head;

    uintptr_t interpreter_state_addr;
    if (0 != read_memory(
            handle,
            runtime_start_address + interpreter_state_list_head,
            sizeof(void*),
            &interpreter_state_addr))
    {
        return -1;
    }

    if (interpreter_state_addr == 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Can't find a running interpreter in the remote process");
        return -1;
    }

    int is_remote_debugging_enabled = 0;
    if (0 != read_memory(
            handle,
            interpreter_state_addr + debug_offsets.debugger_support.remote_debugging_enabled,
            sizeof(int),
            &is_remote_debugging_enabled))
    {
        return -1;
    }

    if (is_remote_debugging_enabled != 1) {
        PyErr_SetString(
            PyExc_RuntimeError,
            "Remote debugging is not enabled in the remote process");
        return -1;
    }

    uintptr_t thread_state_addr;
    unsigned long this_tid = 0;

    if (tid != 0) {
        if (0 != read_memory(
                handle,
                interpreter_state_addr + debug_offsets.interpreter_state.threads_head,
                sizeof(void*),
                &thread_state_addr))
        {
            return -1;
        }
        while (thread_state_addr != 0) {
            if (0 != read_memory(
                    handle,
                    thread_state_addr + debug_offsets.thread_state.native_thread_id,
                    sizeof(this_tid),
                    &this_tid))
            {
                return -1;
            }

            if (this_tid == (unsigned long)tid) {
                break;
            }

            if (0 != read_memory(
                    handle,
                    thread_state_addr + debug_offsets.thread_state.next,
                    sizeof(void*),
                    &thread_state_addr))
            {
                return -1;
            }
        }

        if (thread_state_addr == 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(
                PyExc_RuntimeError,
                "Can't find the specified thread in the remote process");
            return -1;
        }
    } else {
        if (0 != read_memory(
                handle,
                interpreter_state_addr + debug_offsets.interpreter_state.threads_main,
                sizeof(void*),
                &thread_state_addr))
        {
            return -1;
        }

        if (thread_state_addr == 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(
                PyExc_RuntimeError,
                "Can't find the main thread in the remote process");
            return -1;
        }
    }

    // Ensure our path is not too long
    if (debug_offsets.debugger_support.debugger_script_path_size <= strlen(debugger_script_path)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "Debugger script path is too long");
        return -1;
    }

    uintptr_t debugger_script_path_addr = (uintptr_t)(
        thread_state_addr +
        debug_offsets.debugger_support.remote_debugger_support +
        debug_offsets.debugger_support.debugger_script_path);
    if (0 != write_memory(
            handle,
            debugger_script_path_addr,
            strlen(debugger_script_path) + 1,
            debugger_script_path))
    {
        return -1;
    }

    int pending_call = 1;
    uintptr_t debugger_pending_call_addr = (uintptr_t)(
        thread_state_addr +
        debug_offsets.debugger_support.remote_debugger_support +
        debug_offsets.debugger_support.debugger_pending_call);
    if (0 != write_memory(
            handle,
            debugger_pending_call_addr,
            sizeof(int),
            &pending_call))

    {
        return -1;
    }

    uintptr_t eval_breaker;
    if (0 != read_memory(
            handle,
            thread_state_addr + debug_offsets.debugger_support.eval_breaker,
            sizeof(uintptr_t),
            &eval_breaker))
    {
        return -1;
    }

    eval_breaker |= _PY_EVAL_PLEASE_STOP_BIT;

    if (0 != write_memory(
            handle,
            thread_state_addr + (uintptr_t)debug_offsets.debugger_support.eval_breaker,
            sizeof(uintptr_t),
            &eval_breaker))

    {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

#endif // defined(Py_REMOTE_DEBUG) && defined(Py_SUPPORTS_REMOTE_DEBUG)

int
_PySysRemoteDebug_SendExec(int pid, int tid, const char *debugger_script_path)
{
#if !defined(Py_SUPPORTS_REMOTE_DEBUG)
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Remote debugging is not supported on this platform");
    return -1;
#elif !defined(Py_REMOTE_DEBUG)
    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Remote debugging support has not been compiled in");
    return -1;
#else

    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    const PyConfig *config = _PyInterpreterState_GetConfig(tstate->interp);
    if (config->remote_debug != 1) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Remote debugging is not enabled");
        return -1;
    }

    proc_handle_t handle;
    if (init_proc_handle(&handle, pid) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    int rc = send_exec_to_proc_handle(&handle, tid, debugger_script_path);
    cleanup_proc_handle(&handle);
    return rc;
#endif
}