retry: always include last operation error on timeout or context cancel (#181)

This is a Go port of the exponential backoff algorithm from Google's HTTP Client Library for Java.
Exponential backoff is an algorithm that uses feedback to multiplicatively decrease the rate of some process, in order to gradually find an acceptable rate. The retries exponentially increase and stop increasing when a certain threshold is met.
Import path is github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v5. Please note the version part at the end.
For most cases, use Retry function. See example_test.go for an example.
If you have specific needs, copy Retry function (from retry.go) into your code and modify it as needed.